The environmental effects of the 1743 Salento earthquake (Apulia, southern Italy): a contribution to seismic hazard assessment of the Salento Peninsula

Nappi, Rosa; Gaudiosi, G.; Alessio, Giuliana; Lucia, M. De; Porfido, Sabina

doi:10.1007/s11069-016-2548-x

Cited by 19 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…We find that the majority of environmental damage is observed in the immediate rupture zone, with the exception of rare rockfalls in prone-areas (e.g., road cuttings) at distances of~200 km, and rare ground-water fluctuations up to 250 km away for some but not all events where ground water data was investigated. While this dataset likely does not capture the full range of potential ESI values and affected area due to sparse reporting of EEEs in the literature, it does provide a basis for comparing the maximum ESI and magnitude of reverse earthquakes in intraplate, low-topography, near-surface crystalline bedrock (in most cases), and generally arid settings against events in tectonically and geomorphically diverse regions (e.g., [151][152][153][154][155][156][157][158][159]). Table 10.…”

Section: Surface Rupture Bedrock Controls Updated Datasets and Envirmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface-Rupturing Historical Earthquakes in Australia and Their Environmental Effects: New Insights from Re-Analyses of Observational Data

2019

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We digitize surface rupture maps and compile observational data from 67 publications on ten of eleven historical, surface-rupturing earthquakes in Australia in order to analyze the prevailing characteristics of surface ruptures and other environmental effects in this crystalline basement-dominated intraplate environment. The studied earthquakes occurred between 1968 and 2018, and range in moment magnitude (Mw) from 4.7 to 6.6. All earthquakes involved co-seismic reverse faulting (with varying amounts of strike-slip) on single or multiple (1–6) discrete faults of ≥ 1 km length that are distinguished by orientation and kinematic criteria. Nine of ten earthquakes have surface-rupturing fault orientations that align with prevailing linear anomalies in geophysical (gravity and magnetic) data and bedrock structure (foliations and/or quartz veins and/or intrusive boundaries and/or pre-existing faults), indicating strong control of inherited crustal structure on contemporary faulting. Rupture kinematics are consistent with horizontal shortening driven by regional trajectories of horizontal compressive stress. The lack of precision in seismological data prohibits the assessment of whether surface ruptures project to hypocentral locations via contiguous, planar principal slip zones or whether rupture segmentation occurs between seismogenic depths and the surface. Rupture centroids of 1–4 km in depth indicate predominantly shallow seismic moment release. No studied earthquakes have unambiguous geological evidence for preceding surface-rupturing earthquakes on the same faults and five earthquakes contain evidence of absence of preceding ruptures since the late Pleistocene, collectively highlighting the challenge of using mapped active faults to predict future seismic hazards. Estimated maximum fault slip rates are 0.2–9.1 m Myr-1 with at least one order of uncertainty. New estimates for rupture length, fault dip, and coseismic net slip can be used to improve future iterations of earthquake magnitude—source size—displacement scaling equations. Observed environmental effects include primary surface rupture, secondary fracture/cracks, fissures, rock falls, ground-water anomalies, vegetation damage, sand-blows / liquefaction, displaced rock fragments, and holes from collapsible soil failure, at maximum estimated epicentral distances ranging from 0 to ~250 km. ESI-07 intensity-scale estimates range by ± 3 classes in each earthquake, depending on the effect considered. Comparing Mw-ESI relationships across geologically diverse environments is a fruitful avenue for future research.

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Section: Surface Rupture Bedrock Controls Updated Datasets and Envirmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface-Rupturing Historical Earthquakes in Australia and Their Environmental Effects: New Insights from Re-Analyses of Observational Data

2019

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“…Argnani et al (2001) suggest that the earthquakes recorded in this area, including the 1743 event, can be the direct consequence of contraction at depths greater than 10 km, due to the buckling of the Apulia Swell that generates normal faulting at the surface. The 20 February 1743 earthquake heavily damaged the Salento Peninsula and the Ionian Islands (Greece) and was widely felt in all the Ionian and Adriatic regions (Guidoboni et al, 2019;Locati et al, 2016;Nappi et al, 2017). It also caused a tsunami that was observed in the Brindisi harbor (Guidoboni et al, 2019) and is supposed to have affected the southeastern coast of the Salento Peninsula (Mastronuzzi et al, 2007).…”

Section: Supporting Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Active Extension in a Foreland Trapped Between Two Contractional Chains: The South Apulia Fault System (SAFS)

et al. 2020

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The response of continental forelands to subduction and collision is a widely investigated topic in geodynamics. The deformation occurring within a foreland shared by two opposite‐verging chains, however, is uncommon and poorly understood. The Apulia Swell in the southern end of the Adria microplate (Africa‐Europe plate boundary, central Mediterranean Sea) represents one of these cases, as it is the common foreland of the SW verging Albanides‐Hellenides and the NE verging Southern Apennines merging into the SSE verging Calabrian Arc. We investigated the internal deformation of the Apulia Swell using multiscale geophysical data: multichannel seismic profiles recording up to 12‐s two‐way time (TWT) for a consistent image of the upper crust; high‐resolution multichannel seismic profiles, high‐resolution multibeam bathymetry, and CHIRP profiles acquired by R/V OGS Explora to constrain the Quaternary geological record. The results of our analyses characterize the geometry of the South Apulia Fault System (SAFS), a 100‐km‐long and 12‐km‐wide structure attesting an extensional (and possibly transtensional) response of the foreland to the two contractional fronts. The SAFS consists of two NW‐SE right‐stepping master faults and several secondary structures. The SAFS activity spans from the Early Pleistocene through the Holocene, as testified by the bathymetric and high‐resolution seismic data, with long‐term slip rates in the range of 0.2–0.4 mm/yr. Considering the position within an area with few or none other active faults in the surroundings, the dimension, and the activity rates, the SAFS can be a candidate causative fault of the 20 February 1743, M 6.7, earthquake.

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“…The assessment of geological, hydrological, geomorphological, and vegetation features, once used only marginally to evaluate the seismic risk, plays a privileged and key role in the ESI scale approach. The ESI scale has also been applied to modern and paleo-earthquakes [24][25][26][27][28][29][30], providing significant input for a better evaluation of seismic hazards in different socio-economic contexts [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39].…”

Section: The Esi Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

The 1976 Guatemala Earthquake: ESI Scale and Probabilistic/Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis Approaches

Caccavale

Sacchi

Spiga³

et al. 2019

Geosciences

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A hazard assessment of the 1976 Guatemala earthquake (M = 7.5) was conducted to achieve a better definition of the seismic hazard. The assessment was based on the environmental effects that had effectively contributed to the high destructive impact of that event. An interdisciplinary approach was adopted by integrating: (1) historical data; (2) co-seismic geological effects in terms of Environmental Seismic Intensity (ESI) scale intensity values; and (3) ground shaking data estimated by a probabilistic/deterministic approach. A detailed analysis of primary and secondary effects was conducted for a set of 24 localities, to obtain a better evaluation of seismic intensity. The new intensity values were compared with the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) and Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) distribution estimated using a probabilistic/deterministic hazard analysis approach for the target area. Our results are evidence that the probabilistic/deterministic hazard analysis procedures may result in very different indications on the PGA distributions. Moreover, PGA values often display significant discrepancy from the macroseismic intensity values calculated with the ESI scale. Therefore, the incorporation of the environmental earth effects into the probabilistic/deterministic hazard analysis appears to be mandatory in order to achieve a more accurate seismic estimation.

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The environmental effects of the 1743 Salento earthquake (Apulia, southern Italy): a contribution to seismic hazard assessment of the Salento Peninsula

Abstract: The aim of this study was to provide a contribution to seismic hazard assessment of the Salento Peninsula (Apulia, southern Italy). It is well known that this area was struck by the February 20, 1743, earthquake (I 0 = IX and M w = 7

Cited by 19 publications

References 34 publications

Surface-Rupturing Historical Earthquakes in Australia and Their Environmental Effects: New Insights from Re-Analyses of Observational Data

Surface-Rupturing Historical Earthquakes in Australia and Their Environmental Effects: New Insights from Re-Analyses of Observational Data

Active Extension in a Foreland Trapped Between Two Contractional Chains: The South Apulia Fault System (SAFS)

The 1976 Guatemala Earthquake: ESI Scale and Probabilistic/Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis Approaches

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