The entrepreneurial ladder, gender, and regional development

Zwan, Peter van der; Verheul, Ingrid; Thurik, A.R.

doi:10.1007/s11187-011-9334-7

Cited by 103 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 65 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Earlier research also operationalizes entrepreneurship in terms of these so-called nascent entrepreneurs and owner-managers of young businesses (Bacq et al 2013(Bacq et al , 2016Davidsson 2006;Johnson et al 2006;Van der Zwan et al 2012. We select exactly these individuals for our analysis for a second reason.…”

Section: Sustainable Entrepreneurshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Entrepreneurship: The Role of Perceived Barriers and Risk

2017

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Entrepreneurs who start a business to serve both self-interests and collective interests by addressing unmet social and environmental needs are usually referred to as sustainable entrepreneurs. Compared with regular entrepreneurs, we argue that sustainable entrepreneurs face specific challenges when establishing their businesses owing to the discrepancy between the creation and appropriation of private value and social value. We hypothesize that when starting a business, sustainable entrepreneurs (1) feel more hampered by perceived barriers, such as the institutional environment and (2) have a different risk attitude and perception than regular entrepreneurs. We use two waves of the Flash Eurobarometer survey on entrepreneurship (2009 and 2012), which contains information on start-up motivations, start-up barriers, and risk perceptions of approximately 3000 (prospective) business owners across 33 countries. We find that sustainable entrepreneurs indeed perceive more institutional barriers in terms of a lack of financial, administrative, and informational support at business start-up than regular entrepreneurs. Further, no significant differences between sustainable and regular entrepreneurs are found in terms of their risk attitudes or perceived financial risks. However, sustainable entrepreneurs are more likely to fear personal failure than regular entrepreneurs, which is explained by their varied and complex stakeholder relations. These insights may serve as an important signal for both governments and private capital providers in enhancing the institutional climate.

show abstract

Section: Sustainable Entrepreneurshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Entrepreneurship: The Role of Perceived Barriers and Risk

2017

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Studies that have considered the role of gender in entrepreneurship (e.g., Van Der Zwan et al 2011;Caliendo et al 2015;Stefani and Vacca 2015) also show that lower levels of female education are a crucial factor in explaining the gender differences in entrepreneurial activity. However, Fig.…”

Section: Human Capital Gender and Entrepreneurshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We add control variables for the respondents' personal characteristics including age, skills, and network, which are related to (the gender gap in) entrepreneurial activity (e.g., Verheul et al 2006;Estrin and Mickiewicz 2011;Van Der Zwan et al 2011;Marques 2017). Age is a continuous variable that is centered around its group mean.…”

Section: Independent Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

How institutions and gender differences in education shape entrepreneurial activity: a cross-national perspective

Dilli

Westerhuis

2018

Small Bus Econ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Previous studies offer evidence that human capital obtained through education is a crucial explanation for cross-national differences in entrepreneurial activity. Recently, scholar attention has focused on the importance of education in subjects such as science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) for the promotion of entrepreneurial activity. To our knowledge, empirical evidence for this link is scarce, despite the emphasis made in the literature and by policy makers on the choice of study at the tertiary level. Given that differences in STEM education are particularly large between men and women, we utilize data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor for 19 European countries and the USA. We study the role of these differences in STEM education at the national level for three stages of the entrepreneurial process: entrepreneurial awareness, the choice of sector for entrepreneurial activity, and entrepreneurial growth aspirations. We also test whether the effects of gender differences in education is moderated by the nature of the institutional environment in which entrepreneurs operate. Our findings show that individual-level explanations including education account for the gender differences during all three stages of early-stage entrepreneurial activity. Moreover, countries with greater gender equality in science education are characterized by higher entrepreneurial activity in knowledge-intensive sectors and high-growth aspirations. Thus, next to individual-level education, closing the gender gap in science at the national level can benefit a country as a whole by stimulating innovative entrepreneurial activity.

show abstract

“…This is confirmed by empirical evidence that can be found in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) (Allen et al, 2007;Bosma et al, 2012) and in other studies (Der Zwan et al, 2012). GEM is a collaborative study dedicated to the measurement of global entrepreneurial activities and their contribution to economic prosperity (Reynolds et al, 2005) that combines research efforts for over 80 countries around the world since 1997.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Gender differences in the usage of resources in the entrepreneurial opportunity identification process in Slovenia and Croatia

Kedmenec

Tominc

Rebernik

2014

Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

While entrepreneurship research is usually focused on early-stage or established entrepreneurship, in this article we are taking a step back to earlier stages in the entrepreneurial process and focus on the opportunity identification and resources that might support it. The article provides a clearer insight into the extent of resources possessed by adults in Slovenia and Croatia, into gender differences in the opportunity identification process and the usage of resources within this process. Our research shows that women possess on average lower levels of resources, which explain their lower opportunity identification prevalence. Results show that the increase in resources, especially in the area of human capital consisting of skills, knowledge and experiences for entrepreneurship, has a significant and positive effect on opportunity identification among women.

show abstract

The entrepreneurial ladder, gender, and regional development

Cited by 103 publications

References 65 publications

Sustainable Entrepreneurship: The Role of Perceived Barriers and Risk

Sustainable Entrepreneurship: The Role of Perceived Barriers and Risk

How institutions and gender differences in education shape entrepreneurial activity: a cross-national perspective

Gender differences in the usage of resources in the entrepreneurial opportunity identification process in Slovenia and Croatia

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About