The Endocrine System in Overtraining

Urhausen, Axel; Kindermann, Wilfried

doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-016-2_20

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…Greater exerciseinduced lactate increase was previously shown to correlate with increased hormonal changes (Urhausen and Kindermann 2000). In the present study, however, such correlations were not found.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 71%

“…Interestingly, in the present study, simulation of Taekwondo Wghting was not associated with changes in testosterone and free androgen index in the female athletes, but was accompanied by a signiWcant increase in cortisol levels. Therefore, in both males and females, the Wghting simulation day led to a signiWcant increase in the cortisol/ testosterone ratio, which is commonly used as an indicator of exercise-induced catabolic state (Urhausen and Kindermann 2000). Cortisol levels have been found to increase in Wghting sports during competition, and were higher among winners (Filaire et al 2001;Salvadora et al 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Hormonal response to Taekwondo fighting simulation in elite adolescent athletes

Pilz-Burstein

Ashkenazi²,

Yaakobovitz

et al. 2010

Eur J Appl Physiol

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Exercise training efficiency depends on the training load, as well as on the athlete's ability to tolerate it. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of fighting simulation (3 fights, 6 min each, 30 min rest between fights) on anabolic (IGF-I, LH, FSH, estradiol, and testosterone) and catabolic hormones (cortisol) in elite, male (n = 10) and female (n = 10) adolescent (12-17 years) Taekwondo fighters. Blood samples were collected before the first and immediately after the third fight. The fighting simulation practice led to significant (p < 0.05) decreases in IGF-I (males -27.1 ± 25.6, females -22.4 ± 36.3 ng/ml), LH (males -0.7 ± 1.2, females -2.3 ± 3.3 U/L), and FSH (males -0.9 ± 0.5, females -1.5 ± 1.1 U/L), and to a significant increase (p < 0.05) in cortisol (males 141.9 ± 30.1, females 64.1 ± 30.6 mcg/dL) in both genders. Fighting simulation decreases in testosterone (males -1.9 ± 1.6, females -0.02 ± 0.06 ng/mL), and free androgen index (males -20.1 ± 21.5, females -0.3 ± 0.5) were significant (p < 0.05) only in male fighters. Exercise had no significant effect on estradiol, sex-hormone-binding globulins or thyroid function tests. Our data demonstrate that the physiologic and psychologic strain of a Taekwondo fighting simulation day led to a catabolic-type circulating hormonal response.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 71%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Hormonal response to Taekwondo fighting simulation in elite adolescent athletes

Pilz-Burstein

Ashkenazi²,

Yaakobovitz

et al. 2010

Eur J Appl Physiol

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show abstract

“…A significant increase in cortisol levels requires duration of exercise of at least 20 minutes and an intensity of at least 60% of the maximal oxygen consumption (22). Cortisol levels were also found to be increased in fighting sports during competition and were higher among the winners compared with among the losers, reflecting probably greater physiological and psychological stress (8,17).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Training Reduces Catabolic and Inflammatory Response to a Single Practice in Female Volleyball Players

Eliakim

Portal

Zadik

et al. 2013

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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We examined the effect of training on hormonal and inflammatory response to a single volleyball practice in elite adolescent players. Thirteen female, national team level, Israeli volleyball players (age 16.0 ± 1.4 years, Tanner stage 4-5) participated in the study. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after a typical 60 minutes of volleyball practice, before and after 7 weeks of training during the initial phase of the season. Training involved tactic and technical drills (20% of time), power and speed drills (25% of time), interval sessions (25% of time), endurance-type training (15% of time), and resistance training (15% of time). To achieve greater training responses, the study was performed during the early phase (first 7 weeks) of the volleyball season. Hormonal measurements included the anabolic hormones growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein-3, the catabolic hormone cortisol, the proinflammatory marker interleukin-6 (IL-6), and the anti-inflammatory marker IL-1 receptor antagonist. Training led to a significant improvement of vertical jump, anaerobic properties (peak and mean power by the Wingate Anaerobic Test), and predicted VO2max (by the 20-m shuttle run). Volleyball practice, both before and after the training intervention, was associated with a significant increase of serum lactate, GH, and IL-6. Training resulted in a significantly reduced cortisol response ([INCREMENT]cortisol: 4.2 ± 13.7 vs. -4.4 ± 12.3 ng · ml, before and after training, respectively; p < 0.02), and IL-6 response ([INCREMENT]IL-6: 1.3 ± 1.0 vs. 0.3 ± 0.4 pg · ml, before and after training, respectively; p < 0.01) to the same relative intensity volleyball practice. The results suggest that along with the improvement of power and anaerobic and aerobic characteristics, training reduces the catabolic and inflammatory response to exercise.

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“…Prospective studies inducing overtraining have found that an excessive increase in volume and intensity of exercise training may be one trigger mechanisms that induces this dysfunctional state in athletes. It is beyond the scope of this review to list the extensively literature about the mechanisms leading to OT for review see (45). Summarising, the postulated peripheral and central mechanisms in OT have a negative impact on the appropriate function of the neurotransmitters and neuroendocrine system, particularly the hypothalamic‐pituitary axis.…”

Section: Prl and Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

Influences of Exercise and Training on the Circulating Concentration of Prolactin in Humans

Vega

Hollmann

Strüder

2012

J Neuroendocrinology

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Physical activity has an impact on several endocrine functions. During exercise, certain endocrine adjustments are required to maintain the homeostasis. It is well known that, depending on the intensity and duration, exercise stimulates the release of the hormone prolactin (PRL). After the cessation of acute exercise, this effect persist and continues during the recovery period. Chronic exercise can affect the PRL basal concentration and/or the PRL response to acute exercise. The main functions of PRL are associated with the maintenance of homeostasis and processes of reproduction. A role for PRL also has been recognised as an important regulator of cellular proliferation. The present review examines the exercise‐induced acute or adaptive responses of PRL secretion. It is also hypothesised that increased concentrations of PRL during exercise could play an important role for neuroplasticity as a result of involvement of the hormone in the neurogenesis in subventricular zone of the adult brain.

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The Endocrine System in Overtraining

Cited by 13 publications

References 104 publications

Hormonal response to Taekwondo fighting simulation in elite adolescent athletes

Hormonal response to Taekwondo fighting simulation in elite adolescent athletes

Training Reduces Catabolic and Inflammatory Response to a Single Practice in Female Volleyball Players

Influences of Exercise and Training on the Circulating Concentration of Prolactin in Humans

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