The endocannabinoid system is modulated in response to spinal cord injury in rats

Cannabinoid receptor 2 and its agonists mediate hematopoiesis and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell mobilization

“…5 Further, the anti-inflammatory actions of endocannabinoids represent a pivotal protective mechanism both in acute and chronic disorders, such as in neurodegenerative diseases. 7,8 Marked increase of endocannabinoid production (AEA and 2-AG) was reported in various tissues (myocardial, cerebral, hepatic, and immune cells, such as platelets and activated macrophages), 38 which correlated with the degree of tissue injury and inflammation. Here we show that LPS as an endotoxin stimuli and immune challenge 39 can increase endocannabinoid levels in BM stromal cells (Table 2), resulting in mobilization of HSPCs from the BM niche to the blood circulation for proper hematopoiesis.…”

“…[4][5][6][7][8] The synthetic and natural ligands of cannabinoid receptors exert various anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects by several mechanisms that include inhibiting the generation and release of proinflammatory cytokines, activation of cytoprotective signaling pathways, modulation of calcium homeostasis, and excitability via interactions with Ca ϩ2 , K ϩ , and Na ϩ channels as well as antioxidant properties of endocannabinoids. [4][5][6][7][8] Both the CB 1 and CB 2 receptors are 7-transmembrane G␣/i protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and are highly conserved during evolution. 2,9 The CB 2 receptor is predominantly expressed in the immune system, such as B and T cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, and neutrophils, where cannabinoids can modulate cytokine release and immune cell migration.…”

Isolevuglandin-modified phosphatidylethanolamine is metabolized by NAPE-hydrolyzing phospholipase D

“…This subcellular localization may be of particular importance given our previous observation that IsoLG-PE is quickly traffi cked to the endoplasmic reticulum ( 9 ). Also consistent with a potential role in preventing oxidative damage, NAPE-PLD expression is acutely upregulated in response to spinal cord contusion in rats ( 21 ). Together these observations suggest the need for future studies to examine the contribution of NAPE-PLD to modulating oxidative injury.…”

Identification of prostamides, fatty acyl ethanolamines, and their biosynthetic precursors in rabbit cornea

“…the tissue specifi c distribution of sn -1 docosahexanoyl species of PC ( 43 ). Although A-EA is considered a minor lipid species, representing only 1-10% of total FA-EA in human membranes under basal conditions, studies carried out in brain and nervous tissue indicate A-EA levels are increased in response to injury ( 44,45 ), and that A-EA participates as an antiinfl ammatory agent of the immune response ( 25,46 ). Few studies have examined the actions of A-EA per se in the cornea; however, it is a highly innervated tissue, and CB 1 receptors expressed on corneal sensory nerves stimulated by an agonist were found to support a role in contributing to antinociception in the anterior eye ( 47 ).…”