The End-of-Life of Perovskite PV

Kadro, Jeannette; Hagfeldt, Anders

doi:10.1016/j.joule.2017.07.013

Cited by 93 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…If perovskite solar modules reach a commercialization stage and perovskite photovoltaic systems are deployed in a large scale, it is envisaged that in a short period of time, large amounts of encapsulated or unencapsulated panels will be stored and processed at the end of its operational lifetime, which will be relatively short compared to other PV technologies already in the market. This perspective requires the design of effective recycling routes leading to industrial recycling facilities or waste management sites; with a special focus on lead recovery, since lead from the methylammonium halide active layer is at risk of being accidentally released into the environment [165].…”

Section: Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The balance between efficiency, stability and environmental impacts in perovskite solar cells: a review

Urbina

2020

J. Phys. Energy

100

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Photovoltaic technology is progressing very fast, both in a new installed capacity, now reaching a total of more than 400 GW worldwide, and in a big research effort to develop more efficient and sustainable technologies. Organic and hybrid solar cells have been pointed out as a technological breakthrough due to their potential for low economical cost and low environmental impact; but despite impressive laboratory progress, the market is still beyond reach for these technologies, especially for perovskitebased technology. In this review, the historical evolution and relationship of efficiency and stability is addressed, including Life Cycle Assessment studies which provide a quantitative evaluation of environmental impacts in several categories, such as human health or freshwater ecotoxicity, with special focus on lead toxicity. The main conclusion is that there is no unsurmountable barrier for the massive deployment of photovoltaic systems with perovskite solar modules, if the stability is extended to lifetimes similar to technologies already in the market. The results of this review provide some recommendations mainly focused on the best options for improved stability (avoiding mainly moisture and oxygen degradation) by using metal oxides, ternary or quaternary cations, or the novel 2D/3D approach, and the encapsulation effort which should also take into account the recyclability of the materials and the low environmental impact processes for up-scaled industrial production. Research guidelines should take into account the end-of-life of the devices and cleaner routes for production avoiding toxic solvents.

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Section: Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The balance between efficiency, stability and environmental impacts in perovskite solar cells: a review

Urbina

2020

J. Phys. Energy

100

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Yet with solar cells based on these materials now exceeding 22% efficiency, there has been a shift towards developing lead-free alternatives that will not pose as much risk of enviornmental contamination at end-of-life. 8,9 The challenge in replacing Pb with chemically similar divalent metals is that elements like Sn and Ge are easily oxidized in air, which makes it challenging to maintain a uniform oxidation state, often producing heavily doped semiconductors. [10][11][12] In contrast, trivalent metals like Bi and Sb exhibit far superior oxidative stability but are incompatible with the traditional ABX 3 formulation of halide perovskites.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Anionic order and band gap engineering in vacancy ordered triple perovskites

et al. 2019

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“…For commercial application, one of the major concerns about the PSCs is the toxicity of Pb, especially considering the relatively high water solubility of PbI 2 ( k sp = 9.8 × 10 −9 ) released from the decomposed perovskite films . Despite the estimated content of Pb in PSC modules being very low (≈0.4 g m −2 in module devices), it cannot be accepted by the public no matter how little Pb ions leaked out from the modules if the encapsulation failure happens.…”

Section: Perovskite Solar Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solution‐Processable Perovskite Solar Cells toward Commercialization: Progress and Challenges

Wang

Cai

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

169

140

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In the last few years, organometal halide perovskites (OHPs) have emerged as a promising candidate for photovoltaic (PV) applications. A certified efficiency as high as 23.7% has been achieved, which is comparable with most of the well-established PV technologies. Their good solubility due to the ionic nature enables versatile low-temperature solution processes, including blade coating, slot-die coating, etc., most of which are scalable and compatible with roll-to-roll large-scale manufacturing processes. The low cost, high efficiency, and facile processable features make perovskite solar cells (PSCs) a very competitive PV technology. Despite the great progress, long-term durability concerns, toxicity issues of both materials and manufacturing process, and lack of robust high-throughput production technology for fabricating efficient large-area modules are major obstacles toward commercialization. In this review, the recent progress of commercially available process of PSCs is surveyed, the underlying determinants for upscaling high-quality PSCs from hydrodynamic characteristics and crystallization thermodynamic mechanism are identified, the influence of external stress factors on stability of PSCs and intrinsic instability mechanism in OHPs themselves is revealed, and the environmental impact and sustainable development of PSC technology are analyzed. Strategies and opportunities for large-scale production of PSCs are suggested to promote the development of PSCs toward commercialization.blade coating, slot-die coating, screen printing, inkjet printing, etc.), most of which are scalable and compatible with roll-toroll (R2R) large-scale manufacturing processes. We can even image to produce solar cells as simple as printing newspapers or painting the walls. The low cost, high efficiency, and facile processing features make PSCs a potentially transformative PV technology. Despite the incredible progress in PSCs, there are still several obstacles on their way toward commercialization, including scaling up for fabricating efficient large-area modules, long-term durability concerns, and toxicity issues of both materials and manufacturing process.In this review, we survey recent developments in the field of fabricating commercially available PSCs from three critical issues: first, the progress related to fabrication of large-area PSCs will be summarized, and a detailed discussion regarding the hydrodynamic characteristics and crystallization thermodynamic mechanism for growth of high-quality large-area perovskites will be provided; second, stability issues of perovskites will be discussed, and strategies to improve the stability of perovskites will be summarized; third, environmental impacts of both materials and manufacturing process for PSCs will be discussed, and strategies with respect to fabricating PSCs with greener materials and fabrication routes will be proposed.

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The End-of-Life of Perovskite PV

Cited by 93 publications

References 59 publications

The balance between efficiency, stability and environmental impacts in perovskite solar cells: a review

The balance between efficiency, stability and environmental impacts in perovskite solar cells: a review

Anionic order and band gap engineering in vacancy ordered triple perovskites

Solution‐Processable Perovskite Solar Cells toward Commercialization: Progress and Challenges

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