The emerging role of extracellular vesicles as communicators between adipose tissue and pathologic lungs with a special focus on asthma

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) gain increasing attention due to their (patho-)physiological role in intercellular signaling, specifically in the communication between distant organs. Recent studies highlight a connection between the adipose tissue (AT) and the lung via (immuno-)modulatory EVs in disorders, such as obesity-associated asthma and lung cancer-associated cachexia. While lung cancer-derived EVs induce lipolysis and myotube atrophy in vivo, pathogenic effects were also reported in the opposite direction with involvement of adipose tissue-derived EVs in cancer-promoting responses and potentially in asthma development. In contrast, the majority of studies on adipose tissue-derived EVs demonstrate a protective nature on the asthmatic lung. Beneficial effects, such as induction of anti-inflammatory pathways in vitro and in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma mouse models, were particularly conveyed by EVs enriched from AT-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (AT-MSCs), which therefore pose an interesting subject in possible future therapeutic applications. Likewise, AT-MSC-derived EVs exerted beneficial effects in several other pulmonary abnormalities, such as different types of lung injury or pathological changes related to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These contradictory findings highlight the need of extensive research to widen the understanding of EVs in the development of diseases and interconnectivity between organs.

Erythropoietin inhibits neutrophil extracellular traps formation to ameliorate lung injury in a pneumonia model

“…5,13,14 Moreover, some other extrapulmonary factors affecting the clinical course of pneumonia were revealed. 3 In addition, exercise training is one of the rehabilitation strategies that have anti-inflammatory effects and maybe willcould serve as a good strategy for to decrease lung injury. While recovering from pneumonia, patients should actively participate in appropriate physical activities according to theirdepending on physical strength.…”

“…1,2 Pneumonia is often accompanied by lung damage that progresses to pulmonary edema and neutrophil accumulation. 3,4 Neutrophils are the first line of defense against inflammation. 3 They have three main functions: phagocytosis, degranulation, and the release of neutrophil extracellular trappings (NETs).…”

“…3,4 Neutrophils are the first line of defense against inflammation. 3 They have three main functions: phagocytosis, degranulation, and the release of neutrophil extracellular trappings (NETs). 5 NETs are reticular extracellular structures composed of DNA, histones, and myeloperoxide (MPO) neutrophil elastocytic enzymes.…”

Impact of obesity on airway remodeling in asthma: pathophysiological insights and clinical implications

“…A subpopulation of EVs or exosomes derived from adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (AT-MSCs) have demonstrated beneficial effects in asthma ( 302 – 304 ). On the contrary, the impact of EVs secreted by the respiratory system on adipose tissue remains unclear ( 305 ). Studies related to the application of these EVs/exosomes in the context of airway remodeling are still limited; however, they may be related to obesity-induced ASM remodeling.…”

Recent Developments in the Role of Histone Acetylation in Asthma

“…However, their contribution to asthma pathogenesis extends beyond a simple structural role. For example, AECs constitute a first-line barrier, the dysfunction of which is crucial for the development of asthma, but also augment the immune responses to different types of harmful environmental factors, such as allergens, viruses, or pollutants [4][5][6][7][8]. Molecular regulation of the AEC function by so-called epigenetic modifications, such as histone acetylation, plays an important role in the development and pathobiology of asthma [8][9][10][11][12][13].…”