The emerging role of academia in commercializing innovation

Academic entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial universities and biotechnology

“…In particular, there are several reasons why institutions of higher education should embrace entrepreneurship as a core value: 1. Because it helps universities put teeth into their innovation mission. 2. Because it is a way for universities to demonstrate to their stakeholders that they are adding value and creating an impact beyond their walls.…”

“…2 Several international governmental and private agencies in developed countries have created roadmaps and outlined strategies and action items to create more entrepreneurial universities. 3 Despite these efforts, however, it is not clear what constitutes an entrepreneurial university.…”

Patenting the sun: Enclosing the scientific commons and transforming the university—ethical concerns

“…A patent application [Baltimore et al, USP 6,410,516, June 25, 2002] owned by Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Whitehead Institute, and (licensed exclusively to) Ariad Pharmaceuticals of Boston claims, ''all future inventions that will be made or discovered that operate on the biological principle of the NF-kB pathway'' [Ready, 2002]. Already, Eli Lilly has been sued on the grounds that their currently marketed drugs Evistra and Xigris infringe this patent [Mehta, 2004]. A further example is provided by the (currently) unsuccessful attempt by the University of Rochester to claim the enzyme COX2 and all drugs that act by inhibiting this enzyme [Young et al, USP 6,048,850, and issued April 11, 2000].…”

Bibliometric study of radiation application on microdose useful for new drug development

“…They can judge patient's condition in clinical trials accurately in comparison with basic researchers in laboratory. Therefore, joint research activities, in which medical schools and hospitals are positioned as the core, in which researchers in drug firms, mathematical researchers and so on are included, are needed [32]. However, this collaboration cannot be formed easily.…”

“…For promotion of translational researches, physicians should become involved in medical product development research projects, including such topics as clinical trial design and analysis, drug regulation, as well as the basic science, epidemiology, and clinical aspects of the new agents. From this reason, academic medical centers, which are combined with basic medical schools and hospitals, and in which students are trained both as clinical investigators and scientists, become suitable for the core of clusters for drug development [32,47]. The nature of this collaboration often determines the fruitfulness of research activities to a large extent.…”