The elimination of hypo from photographic images

Crabtree, J. I.; Eaton, George T.; Muehler, L. E.

doi:10.1016/s0016-0032(40)90819-5

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Regarding the yellow hue, visual assessment and µ-EDXRF data allow to correlate the hue with mercury iodide solution. In this case, the results obtained and the literature review (Lavédrine and Garnier 1989) (Crabtree et al 1940). More information was found highlighting the use of zinc 'boxes with reservoirs in the bottom filled with lime chloride' in the beginning of the 20 th century that may justify the presence of Zn (Santo 1907).…”

Section: µ-Edxrf Resultsmentioning

confidence: 87%

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Unveiling the Colours of Cellulose Nitrate Black and White Film-based Negatives in Colonial Photography

Roldão

Parola

Vilarigues

et al. 2019

Studies in Conservation

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Aiming at contributing for the preservation of black and white (b/w) film-based negatives held by Portuguese archives, four photographic collections from the first half of the 20 th century were selected to study. During the macro assessment of the collections the preservation condition and hues found on the photographic negatives of the Elmano Cunha e Costa (ECC) were noticed, distinguishing this the image layer was analysed by µ-Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (µ-EDXRF) and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Additionally, to assess the base decay and its effect on the formation of hues, the plastic supports were characterized by µ-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (µ-FTIR). To complement the assessment of the film-base decay, pH was measured by using combined micro-electrodes. The identification of mercury, iodine, chromium and iron by µ-EDXRF allowed to correlate the hues found in the negatives with chemical corrective treatments performed to improve the image quality. SEM-EDS confirmed those results and proved that the elements found were in the photographic emulsion layer.

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Section: µ-Edxrf Resultsmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Concerning incorrect processing, during ageing, residual processing solutions from pyrogallol developer (benzene-1,2,3-triol, C6H3(OH)3) and fixing baths (sodium thiosulfate, argentic-thiosulfate salts) remaining in the image layer may result in overall yellow or brown staining (Johnsen 1994;Crabtree et al 1940).…”

Section: Greenish 0%mentioning

confidence: 99%

Unveiling the Colours of Cellulose Nitrate Black and White Film-based Negatives in Colonial Photography

Roldão

Parola

Vilarigues

et al. 2019

Studies in Conservation

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“…A h:\-drogen peroxide-ammonium hydroxide solution has b een recommended for the removal of thiosulfate from photographic materials [7].…”

Section: Effecl Oj the Silver Collantration In The Fixing Bath On Thementioning

confidence: 99%

Stability of residual thiosulfate in processed microfilm.

Pope¹

1963

J. RES. NATL. BUR. STAN. SECT. C. ENG. INSTR.

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The concentration of residual thiosulfate (hypo) in processed microfilm and its variation with storage humidity were m eas ured. The initial thiosulfate concentration varied linearly with the image density up to a density of about 2. Th e rate of decomposit ion of the thiosulfate increased as the relat ive humidity increased. The concentration of thiosulfate in a silver-free area remained co nstant for nine months in film stored at 14-percent relative humidity but began to decrease within two weeks at 88-percent relative humidi ty_ The residu al t hiosulfate in p rocessed microfilm reacted with the silver in the image to form sil ver sulfid e and the amo unt of sulfiding dming agin g at 88-percent relative humidity was mea sured . The residu a l th iosulfate concentration in microfilm was found to vary linearly with the sil ve r con ce nt ration in the fi xing bath . Potassium bromide, potassium iodide, :llld sodium chloride reacted with the res idual silver thiosulfate com plex m aking the t hiosulfate soluble. Potassium bromide and iodide effected the complete el imination of thiosulfate.

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