The elemental composition, the microfibril angle distribution and the shape of the cell cross-section in Norway spruce xylem

Peura, Marko; Sarén, Matti-Paavo; Laukkanen, J.; Nygård, Kim; Andersson, Seppo; Saranpää, Pekka; Paakkari, T.; Hämäläinen, K.; Serimaa, Ritva

doi:10.1007/s00468-008-0210-2

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In order to further understanding, direct observations of the mechanical state of the different cell wall layers and their evolution during the formation of the tension wood fibers are needed. X-ray diffraction can be used to investigate the orientation of microfibrils (Cave, 1966(Cave, , 1997a(Cave, , 1997bPeura et al, 2007Peura et al, , 2008aPeura et al, , 2008b and the lattice spacing of crystalline cellulose. The axial lattice spacing d 004 is the distance between successive monomers along a cellulose microfibril and reflects its state of mechanical stress (Clair et al, 2006a;Peura et al, 2007).…”

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confidence: 99%

Maturation Stress Generation in Poplar Tension Wood Studied by Synchrotron Radiation Microdiffraction

et al. 2010

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Tension wood is widespread in the organs of woody plants. During its formation, it generates a large tensile mechanical stress, called maturation stress. Maturation stress performs essential biomechanical functions such as optimizing the mechanical resistance of the stem, performing adaptive movements, and ensuring long-term stability of growing plants. Although various hypotheses have recently been proposed, the mechanism generating maturation stress is not yet fully understood. In order to discriminate between these hypotheses, we investigated structural changes in cellulose microfibrils along sequences of xylem cell differentiation in tension and normal wood of poplar (Populus deltoides 3 Populus trichocarpa 'I45-51'). Synchrotron radiation microdiffraction was used to measure the evolution of the angle and lattice spacing of crystalline cellulose associated with the deposition of successive cell wall layers. Profiles of normal and tension wood were very similar in early development stages corresponding to the formation of the S1 and the outer part of the S2 layer. The microfibril angle in the S2 layer was found to be lower in its inner part than in its outer part, especially in tension wood. In tension wood only, this decrease occurred together with an increase in cellulose lattice spacing, and this happened before the G-layer was visible. The relative increase in lattice spacing was found close to the usual value of maturation strains, strongly suggesting that microfibrils of this layer are put into tension and contribute to the generation of maturation stress.

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confidence: 99%

Maturation Stress Generation in Poplar Tension Wood Studied by Synchrotron Radiation Microdiffraction

et al. 2010

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“…In relation to chemical composition, the distribution pattern of the various compounds throughout the radial direction of the tree has been determined by other authors in various softwood and hardwood species [14,16,23,[63][64][65][66]. However, because the only coincidence is the increase in cellulose at a greater distance from the pith, no set distribution pattern can be established [19,67].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamic analysis of water vapour sorption behaviour of juvenile and mature wood of Abies alba Mill.

et al. 2015

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The hygroscopicity and thermodynamic properties of juvenile and mature wood of Abies alba Mill. were studied through the 15, 35 and 50°C sorption isotherms. The Guggenheim, Anderson and de Boer-Dent model was used to fit the isotherms. The thermodynamic parameters were obtained from the sorption isotherms by applying the integration method of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The chemical composition of both types of wood (extractives, lignin and carbohydrate polymer-cellulose and hemicellulose-content) was determined, and infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffractograms were used to identify any chemical modifications and changes in the crystal structure of the cell wall. The mature wood has more cellulose and hemicellulose content and less extractives content than the juvenile wood. The shorter crystallite length in the mature wood creates a higher amount of amorphous zones and, as a consequence, a higher number of access areas to the -OH groups. The combination of these phenomena explains the different hygroscopic behaviour between the juvenile and the mature wood, as the latter has higher moisture content in the three isotherms. As regards the thermodynamic properties, the amount of energy involved in the sorption process is greater in the mature wood than in the juvenile wood.

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“…A dislocation 'band' is typically discernible orthogonally to the MFA of the surrounding cell wall (FreyWyssling 1953;Hoffmeyer 1990). That is, if the MFA is close to zero, it will be a stripe following the cross section of the fiber cell, but if the MFA is for example 10-30 degrees as in the juvenile wood of European softwood species (Peura et al 2008;Vainio et al 2002), the dislocation will spiral around the cell.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Cellulose is not just cellulose: a review of dislocations as reactive sites in the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose microfibrils

et al. 2012

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Most secondary plant cell walls contain irregular regions known as dislocations or slip planes. Under industrial biorefining conditions dislocations have recently been shown to play a key role during the initial phase of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose in plant cell walls. In this review we chart previous publications that have discussed the structure of dislocations and their susceptibility to hydrolysis. The supramolecular structure of cellulose in dislocations is still unknown. However, it has been shown that cellulose microfibrils continue through dislocations, i.e. dislocations are not regions where free cellulose ends are more abundant than in the bulk cell wall. In more severe cases cracks between fibrils form at dislocations and it is possible that the increased accessibility that these cracks give is the reason why hydrolysis of cellulose starts at these locations. If acid or enzymatic hydrolysis of plant cell walls is carried out simultaneously with the application of shear stress, plant cells such as fibers or tracheids break at their dislocations. At present it is not known whether specific carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) and/or cellulases preferentially access cellulose at dislocations. From the few studies published so far it seems that no special type of CBM is involved. In one case an endoglucanase was found to preferably bind to dislocations.

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The elemental composition, the microfibril angle distribution and the shape of the cell cross-section in Norway spruce xylem

Cited by 13 publications

References 45 publications

Maturation Stress Generation in Poplar Tension Wood Studied by Synchrotron Radiation Microdiffraction

Maturation Stress Generation in Poplar Tension Wood Studied by Synchrotron Radiation Microdiffraction

Thermodynamic analysis of water vapour sorption behaviour of juvenile and mature wood of Abies alba Mill.

Cellulose is not just cellulose: a review of dislocations as reactive sites in the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose microfibrils

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