The electromagnetic and gravitational-wave radiations of X-ray transient CDF-S XT2

Lü, Hou-Jun; Yuan, Yong; Lin, Li; Zhang, Bin-Bin; Liang, En‐Wei

doi:10.1088/1674-4527/21/2/47

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…If all these four FXTs are magnetar-powered, then there is a question of whether the newly born magnetars in these systems are stable or not. Because their decays were all consistent with t −2 within 2σ, as expected for the spindown luminosity of a stable NS, it is more likely that a stable NS was formed in these systems (see however Lü et al 2021).…”

Section: Magnetar-powered X-ray Transientsmentioning

confidence: 62%

Discovery of Three Candidate Magnetar-powered Fast X-ray Transients from Chandra Archival Data

Lin,

Irwin,

Berger

et al. 2022

Preprint

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It was proposed that a remnant stable magnetar could be formed in a binary neutron-star merger, leading to a fast X-ray transient (FXT) that can last for thousands of seconds. Recently, Xue et al. suggested that CDF-S XT2 was exactly such a kind of source. If confirmed, such emission can be used to search for electromagnetic counterparts to gravitational wave events from binary neutron-star mergers that have short gamma-ray bursts and the corresponding afterglows seen off-axis and thus too weak to be detected. Here we report the discovery of three new FXTs, XRT 170901, XRT 030511, and XRT 110919, from preliminary search over Chandra archival data. Similar to CDF-S XT2, these new FXTs had a very fast rise (less than a few ten seconds) and a plateau of X-ray flux ∼1.0 × 10 −12 erg s −1 cm −2 lasting for 1-2 ks, followed by a steep decay. Their optical/IR counterparts, if present, are very weak, arguing against a stellar flare origin for these FXTs. For XRT 170901, we identified a faint host galaxy with the source at the outskirts, very similar to CDF-S XT2. Therefore, our newly discovered FXTs are also strong candidates for magnetar-powered X-ray transients resulting from binary neutron star mergers.

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Section: Magnetar-powered X-ray Transientsmentioning

confidence: 62%

Discovery of Three Candidate Magnetar-powered Fast X-ray Transients from Chandra Archival Data

Lin,

Irwin,

Berger

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…As discussed above, we only adopt one magnetar EOS to do the calculations. Now, to discuss the dependence of the GW radiation on the EOS, we consider 12 EOSs that are reported in the literature [62][63][64][65][66]. The relevant initial parameters we selected for different EOS are listed in Table I.…”

Section: Gw Radiation Evolution In a Magnetarmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The black dotted line is the sensitivity limits for ET, and the black and gray solid lines are the sensitivity limits for aLIGO-Hanford and aLIGO-Livingston, respectively. The data of the noise curve are taken from Ref [66]…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gravitational-wave evolution of newborn magnetars with different deformed structure

Huang,

Lü,

Rice

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Weak and continuous gravitational-wave (GW) radiation can be produced by newborn magnetars with deformed structure and is expected to be detected by the Einstein telescope in the near future. In this work we assume that the deformed structure of a nascent magnetar is not caused by a single mechanism but by multiple time-varying quadrupole moments such as those present in magnetically induced deformation, starquake-induced ellipticity, and accretion column-induced deformation. The magnetar loses its angular momentum through accretion, magnetic dipole radiation, and GW radiation. Within this scenario, we calculate the evolution of GWs from a newborn magnetar by considering the above three deformations. We find that the GW evolution depends on the physical parameters of the magnetar (e.g., period and surface magnetic field), the adiabatic index, and the fraction of poloidal magnetic energy to the total magnetic energy. In general the GW radiation from a magnetically induced deformation is dominant if the surface magnetic field of the magnetar is large, but the GW radiation from magnetar starquakes is more efficient when there is a larger adiabatic index if all other magnetar parameters remain the same. We also find that the GW radiation is not very sensitive to different magnetar equations of state.

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“…These two FXTs were later studied in detail by Bauer et al (2017) and Xue et al (2019), respectively, and re-identified as FXTs 14 and 16 in Papers I and II, respectively. XRT 150322 is particularly intriguing because it exhibits a flat, extended X-ray light curve that suggests a magnetar-wind origin (Sun et al 2019;Xiao et al 2019;Lü et al 2019), similar to some SGRB X-ray afterglows (e.g., Rowlinson et al 2010Rowlinson et al , 2013Troja et al 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probing a magnetar origin for the population of extragalactic fast X-ray transients detected by Chandra

Quirola-Vásquez,

Bauer,

Jonker

et al. 2024

A&A

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Twenty-two extragalactic fast X-ray transients (FXTs) have now been discovered from two decades of Chandra data (analyzing $ sim $259 Ms of data), with 17 associated with distant galaxies ($ gtrsim $100 Mpc). Different mechanisms and progenitors have been proposed to explain their properties; nevertheless, after analyzing their timing, spectral parameters, host-galaxy properties, luminosity function, and volumetric rates, their nature remains uncertain. We interpret a sub-sample of nine FXTs that show a plateau or a fast-rise light curve within the framework of a binary neutron star (BNS) merger magnetar model. We fit their light curves and derive magnetar (magnetic field and initial rotational period) and ejecta (ejecta mass and opacity) parameters. This model predicts two zones: an orientation-dependent free zone (where the magnetar spin-down X-ray photons escape freely to the observer) and a trapped zone (where the X-ray photons are initially obscured and only escape freely once the ejecta material becomes optically thin). We argue that six FXTs show properties consistent with the free zone and three FXTs with the trapped zone. This sub-sample of FXTs has a similar distribution of magnetic fields and initial rotation periods to those inferred for short gamma-ray bursts (SGRBs), suggesting a possible association. We compare the predicted ejecta emission fed by the magnetar emission (called merger-nova) to the optical and near-infrared upper limits of two FXTs, XRT 141001 and XRT 210423 where contemporaneous optical observations are available. The non-detections place lower limits on the redshifts of XRT 141001 and XRT 210423 of $z gtrsim 1.5$ and $ gtrsim 0.1$, respectively. If the magnetar remnants lose energy via gravitational waves (GWs), it should be possible to detect similar objects with the current advanced LIGO detectors out to a redshift $z lesssim 0.03$, while future GW detectors will be able to detect them out to $z approx

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The electromagnetic and gravitational-wave radiations of X-ray transient CDF-S XT2

Cited by 6 publications

References 54 publications

Discovery of Three Candidate Magnetar-powered Fast X-ray Transients from Chandra Archival Data

Discovery of Three Candidate Magnetar-powered Fast X-ray Transients from Chandra Archival Data

Gravitational-wave evolution of newborn magnetars with different deformed structure

Probing a magnetar origin for the population of extragalactic fast X-ray transients detected by Chandra

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