“…The terms appearing in equation are defined as follows: if E is the total energy of the beta-ray, T its kinetic energy (and T max the maximum possible kinetic energy available), m is the electron rest-mass energy, Z is the atomic number of the parent nuclide and a is the fine structure constant, then 1 We are primarily concerned with the analysis of large samples, where the contribution of beta-rays to the measured spectrum is very small and arises mainly from detection of Bremsstrahlung photons. For measurement of samples where the beta-ray contribution is significant, it may be necessary to include a more detailed spectrum model than accounts for forbidden transitions.…”