The effort-doors task: Examining the temporal dynamics of effort-based reward processing using ERPs

Bowyer, Colin B; Brush, Christopher J.; Threadgill, Hunter; Harmon‐Jones, Eddie; Treadway, Michael T.; Patrick, Christopher J.; Hajcak, Greg

doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117656

Cited by 24 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 80 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Here, we demonstrate the utility of studying the biological basis of dimensional trait measures for understanding psychopathology-related traits. Our evidence implicates distinct "dopaminergic" RPE components in different facets of approach motivation traits, consistent with recent work suggesting that aberrant approach-motivationrelated processing can manifest at distinct temporal stages and subcomponents (Bowyer et al, 2021). In particular, MMPI-3 shyness measures social anxiety, which is linked clinically to low extraversion (Sellbom et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Early and late signals of unexpected reward contribute to low extraversion and high disinhibition, respectively

Neo

McNaughton

Sellbom

2021

Personality Neuroscience

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Like socio-economic status and cognitive abilities, personality traits predict important life outcomes. Traits that reflect unusually low or high approach motivations, such as low extraversion and high disinhibition, are linked to various forms of mental disorder. Similarly, the dopamine system is theoretically linked to approach motivation traits and to various forms of mental disorder. Identifying neural contributions to extremes of such traits should map to neural sources of psychopathology, with dopamine a prime candidate. Notably, dopamine cells fire in response to unexpected reward, which suggests that the size of non-invasive, scalp-recorded potentials evoked by unexpected reward could reflect sensitivity in approach motivation traits. Here, we evaluated the validity of evoked electroencephalography (EEG) responses to unexpected reward in a monetary gain/loss task to assess approach motivation traits in 137 participants, oversampled for externalizing psychopathology symptoms. We demonstrated that over the 0–400 ms period in which feedback on the outcome was presented, responses evoked by unexpected reward contributed to all theoretically relevant approach motivation trait domains (disinhibition, extraversion and the behavioural activation system); and did so only at times when dopamine responses normally peak and reportedly code salience (70–100 ms) and valuation (200–300 ms). In particular, we linked “dopaminergic” salience and valuation to the psychopathology-related constructs of low extraversion (social anxiety) and high disinhibition (impulsivity) respectively, making the evoked potential components biomarker candidates for indexing aberrant processing of unexpected reward.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Early and late signals of unexpected reward contribute to low extraversion and high disinhibition, respectively

Neo

McNaughton

Sellbom

2021

Personality Neuroscience

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A power analysis based on previously published studies [63][64][65][66] indicated that a sample size of ~20 participants was necessary to achieve a statistical power of >95% (2-tailed = 0.05). Thus, a total of 40 young adult right-handed volunteers (22 female) with a mean age of 23.6 years (sd = 2.76) and mean education of 16.87 years (sd = 2.16) were recruited from the student population of the University of Bologna for a single-session experiment (see Table 1 for further demographic information).…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Cost of Imagined Actions in a Reward-Valuation Task

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Growing evidence suggests that humans and other animals assign value to a stimulus based not only on its inherent rewarding properties, but also on the costs of the action required to obtain it, such as the cost of time. Here, we examined whether such cost also occurs for mentally simulated actions. Healthy volunteers indicated their subjective value for snack foods while the time to imagine performing the action to obtain the different stimuli was manipulated. In each trial, the picture of one food item and a home position connected through a path were displayed on a computer screen. The path could be either large or thin. Participants first rated the stimulus, and then imagined moving the mouse cursor along the path from the starting position to the food location. They reported the onset and offset of the imagined movements with a button press. Two main results emerged. First, imagery times were significantly longer for the thin than the large path. Second, participants liked significantly less the snack foods associated with the thin path (i.e., with longer imagery time), possibly because the passage of time strictly associated with action imagery discounts the value of the reward. Importantly, such effects were absent in a control group of participants who performed an identical valuation task, except that no action imagery was required. Our findings hint at the idea that imagined actions, like real actions, carry a cost that affects deeply how people assign value to the stimuli in their environment.

show abstract

“…After effort expenditure, another slow, nonmotoric, negative‐going wave called the stimulus‐preceding negativity (SPN) is typically observed over frontal and parietal areas, which reaches its maximum prior to feedback onset (Brunia et al, 2011). The SPN is enhanced before potential reward versus neutral events (Chwilla & Brunia, 1991; Kotani et al, 2003; Zhang et al, 2017) and is larger after high‐ versus low‐effort expenditure (Bowyer et al, 2021; Giustiniani et al, 2020; Wang et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural dynamics of effort‐modulated reward processing

Zhang

Zheng

2022

Psychophysiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Previous studies have established that effort can either decrease reward value as a cost or increase reward value as an augmenter, which is referred to as the effort paradox. The present event‐related potential study investigated the neural dynamics underlying the modulation of reward processing by effort expenditure. Thirty‐two participants completed a modified monetary incentive delay task in a high‐effort context and a low‐effort context to earn monetary rewards while their EEG was recorded during effort anticipation, effort execution, and effort completion, respectively. Results revealed the multiphase nature of the effort–reward relationship, which unfolds over time. During effort anticipation, effort discounts reward value as reflected by a reduced contingent negative variation for high‐ versus low‐effort trials. During effort exertion, the target‐P3 reward effect was accrued by effort expenditure. Finally, effort also provides its own value following effort completion, as revealed by an enhanced stimulus‐preceding negativity for high‐effort relative to low‐effort trials. These findings provide new insights into the relationship between effort expenditure and reward processing and are helpful to mitigate the effort paradox.

show abstract

The effort-doors task: Examining the temporal dynamics of effort-based reward processing using ERPs

Cited by 24 publications

References 80 publications

Early and late signals of unexpected reward contribute to low extraversion and high disinhibition, respectively

Early and late signals of unexpected reward contribute to low extraversion and high disinhibition, respectively

The Cost of Imagined Actions in a Reward-Valuation Task

Neural dynamics of effort‐modulated reward processing

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About