“…Research focusing on performance and efficiency in takaful companies has been conducted by several previous researchers (Norma et al , 2006; Ardianto and Sukmaningrum, 2020; Naushad, Faridi and Faisal, 2020; Karbhari et al , 2018; Saad, 2012; Islam et al , 2013; Baharin and Isa, 2013; Yakob et al , 2014; Al-Amri, 2015). However, to the best of our knowledge, some research has been done so far to investigate productivity changes in takaful companies (Yusof, 2020; Akhtar, 2018; Taib, Ashraf and Razimi, 2018; Lim et al , 2021; Suryoaji and Cahyono, 2019; Iskandar et al , 2020).…”