The Efficiency and Profitability of the Modular Multilevel Battery for Frequency Containment Reserve

Abstract

The modular multilevel battery (M2B) is a novel approach to integrate battery storage into the electricity grid. This paper obtains the efficiency a nd fi nancial be nefits of a working prototype system, compared to conventional systems for frequency containment reserve (FCR). The efficiency i s determined with a low-level simulation that models the conduction losses on the circuit, the MOSFETs' switching and conduction losses, and the system consumption. The simulation model shows, that the efficiency i s s uperior t o c onventional i nverters over the entire operating range. The operation for FCR shows a cost-reduction of 50 % for transactions on the intraday market, resulting in a 72.9 % higher net-profit after 10 years.