The Efficacy of a Diode Laser on Titanium Implants for the Reduction of Microorganisms That Cause Periimplantitis

Abstract

The paper presents the optimisation of a safe diode laser irradiation process applied to the surface of titanium implants in order to reduce microbial numbers in the treatment of inflammation classified as periimplantitis. The study comprised isolation and identification of microorganisms inhabiting surfaces of dental implants, crowns, teeth and saliva from patients with fully symptomatic periimplantitis. Microorganisms were detected by a culture-dependent method and identified with the use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The isolated microorganisms were inoculated on the surface of a new implant and then irradiated by a diode laser (wavelength of 810 ± 10 nm) in one, two or three repetitions and biocidal efficacy was assessed. To evaluate impact of laser irradiation on roughness, morphology and structure of the implant surface, optical profilometry, scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy were used. Examination of the tested surfaces and saliva revealed the presence of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and one fungal species. In all patients, cultures from the endosseous part of the implant revealed the presence of the pathogenic and pyogenic bacterium Streptococcus constellatus. In 13 out of 20 samples laser-irradiated in duplicate and triplicate, all microorganisms were eliminated. The irradiation used did not cause any changes in the properties of the implant surface.

The Use of the Diode Laser against the Microbiome on Composites Closing the Screw Access Hall (Sah) in the Reconstruction of Dental Implants: Ex Vivo Studies

“…One of the methods that can reduce the number of microorganisms on the composites’ surface is the use of a diode laser, the irradiation of which can supplement the implantological treatment procedure. The effectiveness of the diode laser against microorganisms inhabiting porcelain, zircon, and titanium was confirmed by Wawrzyk et al [ 20 , 21 , 22 ]. The method of decontamination with the diode laser used by Wawrzyk et.al.…”

“…These parameters allow for a comprehensive assessment of the surface microgeometry of the tested materials. Surface microgeometries are usually described by the following roughness parameters: Ra, arithmetic mean of the elevation profile; Rq, the mean square elevation profile; Rt, the height of the highest peak profile; and Ry, the lowest recesses’ profile [ 21 ]. The roughness parameters of the composites used in dentistry depend, among others, on the material and its processing.…”

Diode Laser as an Adjunctive Treatment for Peri-implant Mucositis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

“…On the other hand, a recent study has shown that the repeated application of diode laser on titanium implants has eradicated all the microorganisms in more than two-thirds of the sample without changing the quality of the implant surface. 46 In the same context, Mettraux et al 47 showed that repeated diode laser application following mechanical debridement in the management of peri-implantitis lesions resulted in a significant improvement in the periodontal parameters for at least 2 years. Moreover, temperature rise above critical threshold of 10 ℃ after 18 seconds of application 48 , 49 could be an associated issue of concern.…”

Analysis of the Microbiome on the Surface of Corroded Titanium Dental Implants in Patients with Periimplantitis and Diode Laser Irradiation as an Aid in the Implant Prosthetic Treatment: An Ex Vivo Study

“…Excessive plaque deposition, which is not beneficial for dental implants, is favoured by an increase in the roughness of implant-prosthetic surfaces [ 57 , 58 ]. However, some researchers proved that there is no evidence that oral implant surfaces show a relationship between the biofilm development and the surface roughness [ 26 , 27 ].…”

“…One such method is laser irradiation, which has become more and more common in dentistry for the decontamination of microbiologically contaminated surfaces. Very good results in the reduction in the number of microorganisms were achieved cleaning implants with a diode laser with a wavelength of 810 nm at the optimised doses [ 27 , 28 ].…”