The effects of water emulsified fuel on diesel particulate matter concentrations in underground mines

The Relationship Between Elemental Carbon and Diesel Particulate Matter in Underground Metal/Nonmetal Mines in the United States and Coal Mines in Australia

“…Both TC and EC samples were collected using the standard sampling train described in previous publications, (15,16) and analyzed using NIOSH Method 5040. (17) A subset of these data was selected using the following criteria:…”

An assessment of technologies for reducing regional short-lived climate forcers emitted by ships with implications for Arctic shipping

“…WiFE reportedly reduces PM emissions by twoto three-times the water content -so a 10% water emulsion would equate to 20-30% PM reductions, while 30% emulsion would result in 60-90% As noted above, a study examining PM reductions from water-emulsified fuel use in off-road equipment found that BC percentage reductions were actually higher than those of total PM [42]; therefore, it is reasonable to assume that BC reductions from WiFE will meet or exceed total PM reductions. Assuming that the PM:BC ratio observed in Noll et al applies to WiFE, at 30% PM control [42], BC would be controlled by approximately 45-50%.…”

“…PuriNOx can be used in new and old engines, does not require engine modifications, and can be used with or without aftertreatment technologies [49]. Although estimates of BC emissions reductions from the use of EMF in marine applications have not been reported, BC control (70-85%) was higher than total PM control (44-57%) from PuriNOx use in off-road equipment [42]. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that EMF BC control will meet or exceed total PM reduction efficiency.…”

“…OC: assuming the PM:OC relationship observed by Noll et al [42] applies to water-in-fuel emulsification, OC emissions may be increased up to 40%; SO 2 /sulfates: water-in-fuel emulsification impacts on SO 2 or sulfates are not documented, although they may be decreased slightly. We assume no change in fuel sulfur content and negligible change in SO 2 .…”

“…Assuming that the PM:BC ratio observed in Noll et al applies to WiFE, at 30% PM control [42], BC would be controlled by approximately 45-50%. Since the amount of water emulsion used and the duration used may vary with WiFE, we examine a range of PM and BC control performance assumptions, listed in Table 4.…”