The effects of vitamin C, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folic acid, riboflavin, and thiamin on the breast milk and maternal status of well-nourished women at 6 months postpartum

Thomas, Mark; Sneed, S M; Wei, Cheng-Hsin; Nail, P A; Wilson, Marjorie; Sprinkle, E E

doi:10.1093/ajcn/33.10.2151

Cited by 68 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…This is in accordance with earlier observations by Shapiro et al (1965), Keizer et al (1995) and Smith et al (1983). On the other hand, Thomas et al (1980) were unable to detect this difference in folate concentrations between supplemented and unsupplemented women, probably explained by the small number of participants in their cross-sectional study. The vitamin supplemented and the unsupplemented exclusively breast-feeding women were comparable with regard to other factors that can have an impact on the results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Several investigations show an increased risk of suboptimal folate status (Matoth et al, 1965;Donangelo et al, 1989;Lehti, 1989;Ramlau-Hansen et al, 2003;Villalpando et al, 2003) and a reduction in folate stores during the lactation period (Shapiro et al, 1965;Tamura et al, 1980;Butte et al, 1981;Sneed et al, 1981;Smith et al, 1983;Dostalova, 1984;Bruinse et al, 1985;Bates et al, 1986;Salmenpera et al, 1986;Keizer et al, 1995;Mackey and Picciano, 1999) in women with no folic acid supplementation and with a diet insufficient in folate. Others have shown that lactation does not affect the level of folate (Cole et al, 1974;Thomas et al, 1980;Ek, 1983). A possible B12 depletion during lactation is apparently less common than folate depletion (Shapiro et al, 1965;Sneed et al, 1981;Dostalova, 1984;Donangelo et al, 1989;Keizer et al, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Folate and vitamin B12 in relation to lactation: a 9-month postpartum follow-up study

et al. 2005

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Objective: To investigate the relation between lactation and markers of folate and vitamin B12 (B12) deficiency in women with and without vitamin supplementation. Design: A 9-month follow-up study. Subjects and methods: Blood samples from 91 women, who gave birth to a single healthy child, were collected 3 weeks, 4 and 9 months postpartum and analysed for circulating level of homocysteine (tHcy), methylmalonic acid (MMA), folate and B12. The participants were categorized as exclusively, partly or not breast-feeding dependent on the degree of lactation 4 months postpartum. During follow-up, lifestyle factors were recorded by structured interviews. Results: Among 72 exclusively breast-feeding women, the median (10-90% percentile) tHcy was 5.8 (3.1-8.3) mmol/l 3 weeks postpartum, 6.1 (4.1-10.3) mmol/l 4 months postpartum and 5.3 (3.6-8.7) mmol/l 9 months postpartum. At 9 months postpartum, none of the women breast-fed exclusively. No significant change occurred in the concentration of B12 and folate. Exclusively breast-feeding women without vitamin supplementation had higher median tHcy than supplemented exclusively breast-feeding women 4 and 9 months postpartum (7.0 vs 5.4 mmol/l (Po0.001) and 5.8 vs 4.5 mmol/l (P ¼ 0.003), respectively). Six women had increased (415 mmol/l) tHcy; four of these were unsupplemented and exclusively breast-feeding. Conclusion: We found no overall indication of depletion of the folate and B12 stores during the lactation period in this population. However, folate-supplemented women had lower tHcy and higher folate levels, suggesting a beneficial effect of supplementation with folate throughout lactation. Sponsorship: The Biomedical Laboratory Scientist Education and Research Fund and LEO Pharma Research Foundation supported this study. DPC Scandinavia, Denmark donated reagents for the folate and tHcy analysis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Folate and vitamin B12 in relation to lactation: a 9-month postpartum follow-up study

et al. 2005

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“…There may be an intrinsic regulatory mechanism for the transfer of vitamin C from diet to breast milk to prevent excessive loads. At low intakes, there may be a dose-response effect, but above a certain saturation level, large supplement intakes are not reflected in breast milk vitamin C (Thomas et al, 1980;Byerley & Kirksey, 1985). Low vitamin C concentrations in breast milk were associated with a higher risk of atopy in the infant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Vitamin C in breast milk may reduce the risk of atopy in the infant

et al. 2004

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Objective: To assess the effects of maternal dietary and supplement intake of vitamins C and E on breast milk antioxidant composition (vitamin C, a-tocopherol and b-carotene) and their protective potential against the development of atopy in the infant. Design, subjects and methods: Mothers with atopic disease were recruited at the end of gestation and maternal sensitization was assessed by skin-prick testing. The 4-day food records of the mothers and breast milk samples were collected at the infants' age of 1 month. Infants' atopy was defined by the presence of atopic dermatitis during the first year of life and a positive skinprick test reaction at 12 months of age (n ¼ 34). Results: Maternal intake of vitamin C in diet but not as supplement was shown to determine the concentration of vitamin C in breast milk. A higher concentration of vitamin C in breast milk was associated with a reduced risk of atopy in the infant (OR ¼ 0.30; 95% CI 0.09-0.94; P ¼ 0.038), whereas a-tocopherol had no consistent relationship with atopy. The group at risk of suboptimal vitamin C supply from breast milk was identified as infants whose mothers suffer from food hypersensitivity. Conclusion: A maternal diet rich in natural sources of vitamin C during breastfeeding could reduce the risk of atopy in high-risk infants. Sponsorship: The Academy of Finland, the Juho Vainio Foundation and the Finnish Cultural Foundation.

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“…When comparing infants from multivitamin-supplemented mothers to infants from non-multivitamin-supplemented mothers, we found a major effect in serum vitamin B12 at 6 weeks that was sustained through 6 months of age. Observational studies had suggested that the vitamin B12 status of newborns is strongly associated with that of their mothers (Bjorke Monsen et al, 2001) and that correction of deficiencies through vitamin B12 supplementation among presumably HIV-uninfected mothers resulted in greater B12 concentrations in breast milk (Thomas et al, 1979(Thomas et al, , 1980Sneed et al, 1981). It has been described that vitamin B12 concentrations decrease in the newborn during the first 6-8 weeks (Bjorke Monsen & Ueland, 2003); our results suggest that maternal supplementation with multivitamins at multiples of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) in USA could prevent such a decrease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of vitamin supplementation to HIV-infected pregnant women on the micronutrient status of their infants

et al. 2005

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Objective: We examined whether supplementation with vitamin A and/or vitamins B, C, and E to HIV-infected women during pregnancy and lactation is related to increased concentrations of vitamins A, B12, and E in their infants during the first 6 months of life. Design: We carried out a randomized clinical trial among 716 mother-infant pairs in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. Women were randomly allocated to receive a daily oral dose of one of four regimens: vitamin A, multivitamins (B, C, and E), multivitamins including A, or placebo. Supplementation started at first prenatal visit and continued after delivery throughout the breastfeeding period. The serum concentration of vitamins A, E and B12 was measured in infants at 6 weeks and 6 months postpartum. Results: Maternal vitamin A supplementation increased serum retinol in the infants at 6 weeks (mean difference ¼ 0.09 mmol/l, Po0.0001) and 6 months (mean difference ¼ 0.06 mmol/l, P ¼ 0.0002), and decreased the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency, but had no impact on serum vitamins E or B12. Multivitamins increased serum vitamin B12 at 6 weeks and 6 months (mean differences ¼ 176 pmol/l, Po0.0001 and 127 pmol/l, Po0.0001, respectively) and vitamin E (mean differences ¼ 1.8 mmol/l, P ¼ 0.0008 and 1.1 mmol/l, P ¼ 0.004, respectively) and decreased the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency. Conclusions: Vitamin supplementation to HIV-1-infected women is effective in improving the vitamin status of infants during the first 6 months of age.

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The effects of vitamin C, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folic acid, riboflavin, and thiamin on the breast milk and maternal status of well-nourished women at 6 months postpartum

Cited by 68 publications

References 18 publications

Folate and vitamin B12 in relation to lactation: a 9-month postpartum follow-up study

Folate and vitamin B12 in relation to lactation: a 9-month postpartum follow-up study

Vitamin C in breast milk may reduce the risk of atopy in the infant

Effect of vitamin supplementation to HIV-infected pregnant women on the micronutrient status of their infants

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