The effects of two common edible herbs, Ipomoea aquatica and Enhydra fluctuans, on cadmium-induced pathophysiology: a focus on oxidative defence and anti-apoptotic mechanism

Abstract

BackgroundIpomoea aquatica (Convolvulaceae) and Enhydra fluctuans (Asteraceae), two aquatic vegetables, are traditionally used against heavy metal toxicity in traditional medicines in India. The present study aimed to explore the protective role of edible (aqueous) extracts of I. aquatica (AEIA) and E. fluctuans (AEEF) against Cd-intoxication.MethodsThe extracts were chemically standardized by spectroscopic and HPLC analysis. The cytoprotective roles of AEIA and AEEF were measured on mouse hepatocytes. The effect on redox status were measured after incubating the hepatocytes with CdCl2 (30 μM) along with AEIA or AEEF (400 μg/ml). The effects on the expressions of apoptotic signal proteins were estimated. The protective roles of AEIA or AEEF were measured by in vivo assay in mice. Haematological, serum biochemical, tissue redox status, Cd bioaccumulation and histological parameters were evaluated to estimate the protective role of AEIA or AEEF (100 mg/kg) against CdCl2 (4 mg/kg) intoxication.ResultsPhytochemical analysis revealed presence of substantial quantities of phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates and ascorbic acid in AEIA or AEEF. CdCl2 treated murine hepatocytes showed a gradual reduction of cell viability in a concentration dependent manner with an IC50 of ~30 μM. CdCl2 treated hepatocytes exhibited significantly enhanced levels (p < 0.01) of ROS production, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation and NADPH oxidase with concomitant depletion (p < 0.01) of antioxidant enzymes and GSH. However, AEIA or AEEF treatment along with CdCl2 significantly restored the aforementioned parameters in murine hepatocytes near to normalcy. Besides, AEIA or AEEF significantly counteracted (p < 0.05–0.01) with ROS mediated alteration of transcription levels of signal proteins viz. Bcl-2, BAD, Cyt-C, Caspases, Fas and Bid. In in vivo bioassay, CdCl2 treatment caused significantly high Cd bioaccumulation and oxidative stress in the liver, kidney, heart, brain and testes in mice. In addition, the haematological and serum biochemical parameters were significantly altered in the CdCl2 treated animals. Simultaneous administration of AEIA or AEEF could significantly restore the tested parameters to the near-normal status.ConclusionThe extracts would offer the overall protective effect via counteracting with Cd mediated oxidative stress and/or promoting the elimination of Cd by chelating.

Cytoprotective effects of dietary flavonoids against cadmium‐induced toxicity

“…Damage of antioxidant systems by Cd may lead to redundant free radicals in the body, such as superoxide anion (O 2 − ·), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and hydroxyl radical (·OH) . Cd increases NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity to produce more O 2 − · and stimulates inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) overexpression to produce more nitric oxide (NO) and active nitrogen for increased LPO and malondialdehyde (MDA) …”

“…In addition, there is ROS‐mediated alteration of transcription levels of signal proteins (viz. Bcl‐2, Bad, cytochrome c (Cytc), caspase‐3, caspase‐9, Fas, and Bid) . Apoptosis can be induced by ROS‐induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and activation of caspase‐12 or mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) by NOXs …”

“…found that common onion ( Allium cepa ) extract (AcE) protected against CdSO 4 ‐induced oxidative stress by normalizing redox status and improved Cd‐induced decrease in urinary volume and renal clearance and restored liver and kidney toxicities, blood protein, and lipid profiles. Simultaneous administration of the edible (aqueous) extracts of Ipomoea aquatica (AEIA) or Enhydra fluctuans (AEEF) significantly reduced Cd bioaccumulation and oxidative stress in the liver, kidney, heart, brain, and testes in mice . Hwang et al .…”

Cadmium in edible mushrooms from NW Spain: Bioconcentration factors and consumer health implications

“…Consequently, the consumption of fruiting bodies of edible fungi with high Cd contents represents an important pathway by which Cd enters the human food system (Vinichuk, 2013). Considering that Cadmium is a multitarget toxicant, with special emphasis on oxidative stress mechanism, currently, the protective role of some plant extracts in the toxic effect induced by metal cadmium is being investigated using in vivo and in vitro (isolated hepatocytes) assays (Dewanjee et al, 2013;Dua et al, 2015).…”

Sansevieria roxburghiana Schult. & Schult. F. (Family: Asparagaceae) Attenuates Type 2 Diabetes and Its Associated Cardiomyopathy

“…In this study, a significantly high ROS production was observed in cardiac tissues of T2D rats. An enhanced generation of ROS would result in the increases in lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation with concomitant depletion of endogenous antioxidant molecules [55,56]. Therefore, it would be concluded that myocardial tissues experienced to redox challenge/oxidative stress during DM.…”