The Effects of Trial Repetition and Individual Characteristics on Decision Making Under Uncertainty

Abstract

The authors examined participants' preferences between certain and uncertain outcomes in a multistage gambling task and the effects of individual difference characteristics on those preferences. In Study 1, 144 participants made choices in single-stage gambles under gain and loss conditions and replicated the certainty effect in a previous study (D. Kahneman & A. Tversky, 1979). In Study 2, 94 participants engaged in a multistage gambling task using the same decision problems as those in Study 1. They also answered a questionnaire consisting of the Japanese version (M. Kamahara, K. Higuchi, & N. Shimizu, 2001) of the Locus of Control Scale (J. B. Rotter, 1966), the Reflection-Impulsivity Scale (K. Takigiku & A. Sakamoto, 2001), and a Japanese version (M. Terasaki, K. Shiomi, Y. Kishimoto, & K. Hiraoka, 1987) of the Sensation-Seeking Scale (M. Zuckerman, 1994). The results indicated that the certainty effect (Kahneman & Tversky) disappears in multistage gambling tasks and that differences in reflection-impulsivity and in gender influence the process of decision making under gain conditions. These results are discussed in terms of the decision strategies and cognitive biases involved in the multistage gambling task.

Cognitive and neural correlates of the 5-repeat allele of the dopamine D4 receptor gene in a population lacking the 7-repeat allele

“…This is a self-reported questionnaire and has been previously used for measuring individual reflectivity and impulsivity (Sasaki and Kanachi, 2005).…”

Moderating the Interaction Between Procedural Justice and Decision Frame: The Counterbalancing Effect of Personality Traits

“…Further study is needed to examine the moderating effect of gender differences on the relationship between justice and framing effects. On the other hand, although the previous findings on justice or decision making obtained in Western countries were replicated in data from Japanese participants (e.g., Hayashi, Rupp, & Hizume, 2006;Sasaki & Kanachi, 2005), it still remains doubtful that our findings can be generalized to non-Japanese samples from other cultures. For instance, it is probable that Western participants are prone to exhibit higher self-efficacy or lower anxiety than Japanese participants.…”

The Relationship between Individual Personality Traits (Internality-Externality) and Psychological Distress in Employees in Japan

“…Further analyses employing this scale can be found in Kambara et al (2001) [12]. In the previous report, internal consistency reliability was estimated at 0.78, and the test-retest reliability was 0.76 [12, 13]. In the current study, this scale was used instead of the original I-E scale.…”

“…In addition, its face validity is low; as a number of authors have noted, Rotter's scale confounds personal, social, political, and ideological causation [9–11]. In response to these problems, Kambara and his colleagues developed an alternative measure of I-E [12, 13]. They named their 18-item scale (9 items each for internality and externality) the “Japanese version of the locus of control scale.” Each item is evaluated using a 4-point rating scale ranging from “value = 1” to “value = 4.” The respondent is instructed to indicate a degree of agreement or disagreement with each item on the 4-point scale.…”