The effects of treadmill exercise in animal models of Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review

The impact of aerobic and resistance training intensity on markers of neuroplasticity in health and disease

“…The number of studies or the percent of heterogeneity did not drive the somewhat higher effect size for high-intensity training effects in NEU (N s = 12, I 2 = 71 %) than HOA (N s =14, I 2 = 49 %). While there have been reviews examining the effects of fitness, acute and chronic bouts of exercise on markers of NP in PwMS, PwPD, and PwST, none did metaanalytically examine interactions among exercise type, exercise intensity, NP domains, and populations (Ada et al, 2006;Calautti and Baron, 2003;Cruickshank et al, 2015;Diechmann et al, 2021;Dorsch et al, 2018;Ferreira et al, 2021;Gamborg et al, 2022;Hvid et al, 2021;Jorgensen et al, 2017;Lin et al, 2021;Ploughman et al, 2015;Ramazzina et al, 2017;Roeder et al, 2015;Ruiz-Gonzalez et al, 2021;Salter et al, 2016;Sandroff et al, 2020;Tablerion et al, 2020;Tillman et al, 2015;Wonsetler and Bowden, 2017). Our results in NEU agree with the general conclusions of these reviews that high-intensity AT is a feasible rehabilitation option for each of the three patient groups with the caveat that potential intensity-related side effects rarely assessed or reported (see limitation 4 in Section 4.4).…”

“…One reason could be that the inflammatory response exacerbates neuropathology but this response also stimulates mechanisms of tissue repair through the release of growth factors and affects NP. Animal models of PD suggest that exercise improves motor and mitochondrial function, nerve growth and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factors, levels of nigrostriatal neurotrophic factor, and reduced excitotoxic effects of glutamate and aberrant cortical spike-local field potential synchronization (Feng et al, 2021;Ferreira et al, 2021;Lau et al, 2011;Shi et al, 2021). Perhaps exercise training can even rescue dopamine neurons (Ferreira et al, 2020;Torikoshi et al, 2020).…”

HIF-1 signalling pathway was identified as a potential new pathway for Icariin’s treatment against Alzheimer’s disease based on preclinical evidence and bioinformatics

“…However, there are a number of confounding variables in animal studies that distort data and undermine their scientific validity. Currently, SYRCLE’s Risk of Bias Tool for Animal Studies is a specific tool for evaluating the authenticity of animal studies ( Ferreira et al, 2021 ), and it includes six items: sequence generation, baseline characteristics, allocation concealment, animal placement randomization, blinding for animal breeders and researchers, randomized outcome assessment, blinding for outcome raters, incomplete outcome data, optional outcome reporting, and other sources of bias. As shown in Figure 3 , the included studies had poor quality sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding for animal breeders and researchers, randomized outcome assessment, and blinding for outcome raters.…”

Targeting Macroautophagy as a Therapeutic Opportunity to Treat Parkinson’s Disease

“…Non-pharmacological therapeutic approaches targeting energy metabolism, such as the ketone diet, improved motor ( Norwitz et al, 2020 ) and cognitive ( Krikorian et al, 2019 ) performances in PD patients and the ketone βHB can act through HCAR2, activating AMPK and therefore autophagy ( Kovács et al, 2021 ). Overall, exercise seems to demonstrate neuroprotection in PD patients ( Yang et al, 2021a ), and restore autophagy markers ( Ferreira et al, 2021 ) but additional research is necessary to explore the cellular circuits and molecular mechanisms underlying the intersection between autophagy and exercise leading to neuroprotection.…”