The effects of the iPlayClean education programme on doping attitudes and susceptibility to use banned substances among high-level adolescent athletes from the UK: A cluster-randomised controlled trial

Nicholls, Adam R.; Morley, David; Thompson, Mark A.; Huang, Chao; Abt, Grant; Rothwell, Martyn; Cope, Edward; Ntoumanis, Nikos

doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102820

Cited by 23 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Not only do banned substances represent a physical threat to athletes who dope (Bird et al, 2016), doping is also associated with an increased risk of committing suicide (Lindqvist et al, 2014). It is important that scholars understand more about the antecedents of doping or factors associated with doping among young athletes (Nicholls et al, 2020). This knowledge and understanding would have the potential to reduce the prevalence of these behaviors among this group of athletes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Susceptibles, Chancers, Pragmatists, and Fair Players: An Examination of the Sport Drug Control Model for Adolescent Athletes, Cluster Effects, and Norm Values Among Adolescent Athletes

et al. 2020

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Although there are few high-profile cases of adolescent athletes being caught doping, up to a third of young athletes may dope. In order to generate a more accurate understanding of why adolescent athletes dope, it is important to validate models that help to explain this behavior. The aims of this study were 3-fold: firstly, to test the Sport Drug Control Model for Adolescent Athletes (SDCM-AA); secondly, to generate athlete profiles that would help quantify the proportion of athletes who are at risk of doping; and thirdly, to create norm values for the Adolescent Sport Doping Inventory (ASDI), which would allow national doping organizations, sporting organizations, and clubs to benchmark the scores of their athletes for key psycho-social variables linked to doping. A total of 2208 adolescent athletes from the United Kingdom, Australia, Hong Kong, and the United States completed the ASDI. The data presented an appropriate fit to the SDCM-AA model, in which 54% of the variance in susceptibility to doping was explained in the model, and 44.8% of attitudes toward doping was accounted for. Four distinct clusters of athletes emerged: the Susceptibles (i.e., identified with the benefits of doping, were willing to cheat, and viewed little threat), the Chancers (i.e., identified with the benefits of doping, scored high on willingness to cheat, and were highly influenced by their reference group, but had an average score for threat, self-esteem, and legitimacy), the Pragmatists (i.e., did not engage with any aspects of doping, but were more susceptible than the fair players), and Fair Players (i.e., high levels of sportspersonship, unwilling to cheat, and viewed doping as a threat). The revised SDCM-AA appears a valid model that helps explain the factors associated with doping attitudes and doping susceptibility. Adolescent athletes can be classified into one of four clusters, in relation to doping. Their cluster group could influence the content of the anti-doping education they receive.

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confidence: 99%

The Susceptibles, Chancers, Pragmatists, and Fair Players: An Examination of the Sport Drug Control Model for Adolescent Athletes, Cluster Effects, and Norm Values Among Adolescent Athletes

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“…The antidoping resources for coaches created by WADA, 24 UKAD 25 and Nicholls 20 use either online or mobile application platforms as a method of delivery. This represents a cost-effective method of educating many coaches across the world, who could then provide antidoping education to their athletes.…”

Section: Mobile Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In accordance with a previous antidoping intervention, 20 the control group received no antidoping education and carried on coaching as normal.…”

Section: Control Armmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…22 Therefore, coaches with a favourable attitude towards doping would maintain such an attitude, unless they receive specific education. One exception to this is the iPlayClean antidoping education programme, 20 which was designed to reduce favourable attitudes towards doping and doping susceptibility among young high-level athletes, coaches and parents. Although this programme contained modules for coaches and parents, the effects of iPlayClean were only assessed for athletes and not coaches or parents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although coaches seem to play a key role in whether athletes will engage in doping behaviours, there is a lack of tested resources available to enhance coaches’ knowledge of doping, reduce favourable attitudes among coaches who possess such attitudes, and provide strategies and support. 20 This is because formal coach education prioritises coaches developing their sport-specific and pedagogical knowledge, 21 meaning that doping education seldom appears in coach education syllabi. 13 This is particularly evident for grassroots coaches, with some coaches possessing lower levels of coaching qualifications, or in some cases no qualification at all.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Feasibility randomised controlled trial examining the effects of the Anti-Doping Values in Coach Education (ADVICE) mobile application on doping knowledge and attitudes towards doping among grassroots coaches

Nicholls

Fairs

Plata-Andrés

et al. 2020

BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med

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ObjectivesSports coaches are influential in whether athletes dope, but receive very little antidoping education, particularly within entry-level coaching qualifications. We tested the feasibility of an antidoping intervention, delivered via a mobile application, which was designed to increase coaches’ knowledge of doping and to reduce favourable doping attitudes.MethodsA two-arm randomised controlled trial, with grassroots coaches who coach young amateur athletes aged between 14 and 18 years of age, was conducted. The Anti-Doping Values in Coach Education (ADVICE) mobile application included modules on fair play, substances, nutritional supplements, rules and leadership. The primary outcome was the change in doping knowledge, 6 weeks after receiving the mobile application. The secondary outcome was changes in doping attitudes.ResultsGrassroots coaches (n=200; aged between 18 and 71 years, with between 1 and 42 years of coaching experience) from 29 different countries completed baseline assessments, and 85 completed follow-up assessments, and were included in mixed analysis of variance analyses. The intervention increased coaches’ knowledge about doping and also reduced favourable doping attitudes in the experimental arm.ConclusionThe ADVICE mobile application is a feasible method for delivering and increasing grassroots coaches’ knowledge of banned substances and the potential side effects of doping. Mobile application-based resources could facilitate a much wider dissemination of antidoping education.

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Performance and image enhancing drug interventions aimed at increasing knowledge among healthcare professionals (HCP): reflections on the implementation of the Dopinglinkki e-module in Europe and Australia in the HCP workforce

Atkinson

Ven

Cunningham

et al. 2021

International Journal of Drug Policy

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Performance and image enhancing drug interventions aimed at increasing knowledge among healthcare professionals (HCP): Reflections on the implementation of the Dopinglinkki e-module in the HCP workforce in Europe and Australia http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/14402/ Article LJMU has developed LJMU Research Online for users to access the research output of the University more effectively.

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The effects of the iPlayClean education programme on doping attitudes and susceptibility to use banned substances among high-level adolescent athletes from the UK: A cluster-randomised controlled trial

Cited by 23 publications

References 25 publications

The Susceptibles, Chancers, Pragmatists, and Fair Players: An Examination of the Sport Drug Control Model for Adolescent Athletes, Cluster Effects, and Norm Values Among Adolescent Athletes

The Susceptibles, Chancers, Pragmatists, and Fair Players: An Examination of the Sport Drug Control Model for Adolescent Athletes, Cluster Effects, and Norm Values Among Adolescent Athletes

Feasibility randomised controlled trial examining the effects of the Anti-Doping Values in Coach Education (ADVICE) mobile application on doping knowledge and attitudes towards doping among grassroots coaches

Performance and image enhancing drug interventions aimed at increasing knowledge among healthcare professionals (HCP): reflections on the implementation of the Dopinglinkki e-module in Europe and Australia in the HCP workforce

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