Rubber wood sawdust (RS) was used as a filler to improve the water absorption, mechanical, morphological, and thermal properties of thermoplastic starch (TPS). The TPS/RS composites were prepared using compression molding and glycerol as the plasticizer. Moreover, the effect of commercial cellulose (CC) on the properties of TPS was also studied for comparison. Scanning election microscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to confirm that there were lignin, hemicelluloses, and extractive compounds such as wax substances and natural oils on the surface of rubber wood sawdust. Both fillers showed good adhesion with the TPS because they have similar chemical structures. However, RS showed the better efficiency for improve the water absorption, mechanical, and thermal properties of TPS than CC. The results indicated that the components on the fiber surface play important roles in improving the properties of TPS. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:1063–1069, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers