The effects of sonic booms on farm livestock

Relocation of the Explosive Ordnance Disposal Demolition Training Range. Environmental Assessment

“…The threshold of pain is approximately 135 dB for all frequencies (NANCO 1981). Other references have indicated potential hearing pain at levels as low as 120 dB (e.g., Ewbank 1977). The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations specify that employees not be exposed to impulse noise that exceeds 140 dB peak (NANCO 1981 Using the Environmental Noise Model (ENM), a state-of-the-art noise prediction model, detonation sound levels at the nearest potentially affected receptors were estimated.…”

Effects of simulated aircraft noise on heart rate and behavior of desert ungulates

“…Several studies have examined the behavioral and physiological effects of sonic booms (see Appendix A for definitions of terms) on domestic animals (Bell 1971, Bond et al 1974, Espmark et al 1974, Ewbank 1977. Subsonic aircraft can also affect wildlife; Espmark et al (1974) reported that domestic animals responded more intensely to low-altitude aircraft noise than to sonic booms.…”

US Air Force 1989 Research Initiation Program . Volume 1.

“…Public concern over noise pollution has been exemplified by campaigns to restrict flights of military aircraft at supersonic speeds over areas of high human population (Ewbank, 1977). The result is that many of those flights now are over the sea or other areas of low human density (e.g., National Parks, wildlife conservation areas).…”