The effects of resistance training on bone mineral density and bone quality in type 2 diabetic rats

Abstract

Resistance training ( RT ) has been known to be effective in maintaining and improving bone strength, which is based on bone mineral density ( BMD ) and bone quality. However, it is not clear whether RT is effective in improving bone strength in patients with type‐2 diabetes mellitus (T2 DM ), who have a high risk of fracture. Therefore, we tested the effects of a 6‐week RT regimen using percutaneous electrical stimulation in T2 DM model rats, male Otsuka Long‐Evans Tokushima Fatty ( OLETF ), and its control, Long‐Evans Tokushima Otsuka ( LETO ). After 6 weeks of RT , tibial BMD in RT legs was significantly higher than that in control ( CON ) legs in both groups. In diaphyseal cortical bone, bone area/tissue area, and cortical thickness was significantly increased in RT legs compared with CON legs in both groups. Cortical porosity was highly observed in OLETF compared with LETO , but RT improved cortical porosity in both groups. Interestingly, trabecular number, trabecular thickness and trabecular space as well as BMD and bone volume/tissue volume in proximal tibial metaphyseal trabecular bone were significantly improved in RT legs compared with CON legs in both groups. In contrast, connectivity density and structural model index were not affected by RT . These results indicate that the 6‐week RT regimen effectively increased BMD and improved bone quality in T2 DM model rats as well as control rats. Therefore, RT may have the potential to improve bone strength and reduce fracture risk, even in patients with T2 DM .

Resistance Training Modulates the Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Activity in Different Trabecular Bones in Aged Rats

“…The rationale to use the RT model was based on previous studies that suggest that this modality results in osteogenesis and consequently has the ability to delay the onset of osteoporosis. 24,25 This may occur as a result of the existing relationship between the bone mineral density and the level of muscular strength, 26,27 the major physical quality reported in the present study. Importantly, muscle strength exerts a dominant effect over bone's structural adaptation.…”

Bone Autophagy: A Potential Way of Exercise-Mediated Meg3/P62/Runx2 Pathway to Regulate Bone Formation in T2DM Mice

“…Our results are consistent with previous findings that exercise can improve OP due to T2DM. 34 In addition, Pezhman et al found that swim training could partially compensate for T2DM-associated changes of bone. 35 On the macro level, Aoi Ikedo et al found that a 6-week resistance training regimen effectively increased BMD and improved bone quality in T2DM model rats, which is also consistent with our study.…”

Analysis of high-intensity interval training on bone mineral density in an experimental model of type 2 diabetes

“…Several studies address the complications of diabetes mainly with regard to metabolic complications; however, osteoporosis has compromising factors in its diagnosis and prevention, for example, the decreased bone mineral density (BMD) in the case diabetes type 1; and normal and/or increased, in diabetes type 2 3 – 5 . Bone strength is defined by BMD and bone quality, and its impairment is characteristic of osteoporosis skeletal disorder 6 . Studies show that type 2 diabetes can negatively affect the cortical structure of the bone and reduce bone strength by accumulating advanced glycation end (AGE) products in the bone 6 , 7 .…”

“…Bone strength is defined by BMD and bone quality, and its impairment is characteristic of osteoporosis skeletal disorder 6 . Studies show that type 2 diabetes can negatively affect the cortical structure of the bone and reduce bone strength by accumulating advanced glycation end (AGE) products in the bone 6 , 7 .…”

“…Regular physical exercise can be efficient in maintaining or increasing BMD; however, studies show that not all exercise modalities are equally osteogenic 9 , 10 . Studies that employed running and resistance training in type 2 diabetic rats have obtained positive results related to BMD 6 , 8 .…”