The effects of relaxation instructions and emg biofeedback on test anxiety, general anxiety, and locus of control

Reed, Michael D.; Saslow, Carol A.

doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198007)36:3<683::aid-jclp2270360313>3.0.co;2-p

Cited by 25 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…Regarding the above-mentioned limitations of the present investigation, we suggest that future studies should examine larger samples with improved methodology and compare AS with methods commonly used for treatment of exam anxiety, e.g. relaxation techniques and biofeedback [ 5 , 27 , 28 ]. Moreover, after appropriate investigations, AS using present methodology might be used to treat pre-operative anxiety in surgical patients [ 9 , 10 , 19 , 29 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Auricular stimulation vs. expressive writing for exam anxiety in medical students – A randomized crossover investigation

et al. 2020

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Objective Auricular stimulation (AS) is a promising method in the treatment of situational anxiety. Expressive writing (EW) is an established psychological method, which reduces test anxiety and improves exam results. The aim of this crossover trial was to compare AS with EW, and with the no intervention (NI) condition, for treatment of exam anxiety. Methods Healthy medical students underwent 3 comparable anatomy exams with an interval of one month, either performing EW, receiving AS or NI prior to the exam; the order of interventions was randomized. AS was applied using indwelling fixed needles bilaterally at the areas innervated mostly by the auricular branch of the vagal nerve on the day before the exam. Anxiety level, measured using State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory (STAI) before and after the interventions and immediately before exam, was the primary outcome. Quality of night sleep, blood pressure, heart rate and activity of salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) were analyzed across 3 conditions. Results All 37 included participants completed the study. Anxiety level (STAI) decreased immediately after AS in comparison with baseline (P = 0.02) and remained lower in comparison with that after EW and NI (P<0.01) on the day of exam. After EW and NI anxiety increased on the day of exam in comparison with baseline (P<0.01). Quality of sleep improved after AS in comparison with both control conditions (P<0.01). The activity of sAA decreased after EW and after AS (P<0.05) but not after NI condition.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Auricular stimulation vs. expressive writing for exam anxiety in medical students – A randomized crossover investigation

et al. 2020

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“…The TM group showed reduced medical utilization in all categories of disease, suggesting the technique does facilitate general self-repair of the system. Other researchers have indicated its potential role in facilitating positive mood shift (Gilbert, Parker & Claiborn, 1978) and increased internal locus of control (Reed & Saslow, 1980). Reasoning that the converse lessening of tension in the muscles would result in reduction of anxiety, he instructed subjects to tense and then relax various muscle groups, thereby increasing their awareness of bodily processes and producing a state of deep relaxation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of the Transcendental Mediation Technique and Progressive Muscle Relaxation on Eeg Coherence, Stress Reactivity, and Mental Health in Black Adults

Gaylord

Orme-Johnson

Travis

1989

International Journal of Neuroscience

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Eighty-three black college students, staff and adults were pretested on EEG coherence, skin potential (SP) habituation to a series of loud tones, psychometric measures of mental health (Tennessee Self-concept Empirical Scales and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) and IQ. They were then randomly assigned to one of the three treatment groups: the Transcendental Meditation technique (TM); Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PR); or cognitive-behavioral strategies (C). Approximately one year later, they were posttested. TM and PR increased significantly on an overall mental health factor (p < ,036) and anxiety ( p < ,0006). TM showed a greater reduction in neuroticism than PR and C (p < ,032). TM also showed global increases in alpha and theta coherence among frontal and central leads during the TM period compared to eyes closed (p < .016), whereas PR and C did not show EEG state changes. The coherence increases during TM were most marked in the right hemisphere (F4C4). TM showed faster SP habituation at posttest compared to pretest (p < ,047) whereas PR did not (data was missing for C). None of the groups showed longitudinal changes in EEG, perhaps due to lack of regularity of participation in the treatment programs.

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“…The STAI (Spielberger, 1983) has been used frequently as a measure of trait and state anxiety in research on test anxiety (Reed et al, 1980;Thyer et al, 1981). It consists of a 20-item questionnaire, with responses recorded on 4-point Likert scale.…”

Section: State-trait Anxiety Inventorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing and Biofeedback/Stress Inoculation Training in Treating Test Anxiety

Cook-Vienot¹,

Taylor

2012

J EMDR Prac Res

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Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and Biofeedback/Stress Inoculation Training (B/SIT) treatment and no treatment (NT) were compared in reducing test anxiety. Thirty college students with high test anxiety were randomly assigned to each condition. Pre-post assessments were conducted using the Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Rational Behavior Inventory (RBI), and Autonomic Perception Questionnaire (APQ). Treatment therapists were licensed professionals with at least 2 years experience in their respective modality. Statistical analysis using a two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures found significant interactions between time (pre-post) and treatment conditions for all measures except the RBI. Post hoc Newman–Keuls analyses were conducted on the change scores, indicating that both EMDR and B/SIT significantly reduced test anxiety. EMDR generally outperformed B/SIT.

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The effects of relaxation instructions and emg biofeedback on test anxiety, general anxiety, and locus of control

Cited by 25 publications

References 23 publications

Auricular stimulation vs. expressive writing for exam anxiety in medical students – A randomized crossover investigation

Auricular stimulation vs. expressive writing for exam anxiety in medical students – A randomized crossover investigation

The Effects of the Transcendental Mediation Technique and Progressive Muscle Relaxation on Eeg Coherence, Stress Reactivity, and Mental Health in Black Adults

Comparison of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing and Biofeedback/Stress Inoculation Training in Treating Test Anxiety

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