The Effects of Reaction Atmosphere on Composition, Oxygen Distribution, and Heating Value of Products from the Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Corn Stalk

Hydrothermal liquefaction of rice straw: Effect of reaction environment

“…Liquid products have oxygen content in range of 10-13% and oxygen removal was in the form of CO 2 and H 2 O [10].…”

Hydrothermal liquefaction of spent coffee grounds in water medium for bio-oil production

“…It is carried out at lower temperatures; more importantly, it accepts wet biomass, and thus obviates an energyintensive pre-drying process. Also, the bio-oil obtained from the liquefaction process is hydrophobic, typically has a lower oxygen and water content, giving much higher HHV (25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35) MJ•kg -1 ) compared to those of the fast pyrolysis bio-oil (14-20 MJ•kg -1 ). The HTL crude bio-oil can be mixed with other fuels and used for combustion or be further upgraded to high quality hydrocarbon liquid fuels such as gasoline and diesel [22][23][24][25][26].…”

“…Many researchers have been focusing on the bio-oil production via the HTL process from a wide variety of biomass, including woody biomass, mainly forest residues [27][28][29][30], agricultural waste such as barley straw, corn stalk, corncob and rice husk [31][32][33][34], animal manure [35][36][37], municipal solid waste [38][39][40] and most recently microalgae [41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48]. Through these studies, it was found that the yield and quality of the bio-oil resulting from the HTL process were highly associated with the operating parameters such as the reaction temperature, retention time, ratio of feedstock and solvent, etc., as reviewed by Akhtar and Amin [49] as well as the experimental results reported in the literature .…”