The effects of protein malnutrition on the behavior of rats during the suckling period

Rd, Hall; Jp, Leahy; Wm, Robertson

doi:10.1002/dev.420120505

Cited by 20 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…In line with previous reports (see Hall, 1979) this experiment shows that prior exposure to shape stimuli can subsequently facilitate the learning of a visual discrimination problem using the same stimuli. Here though, the timing of the exposure was unusual in that it was not continuous up to the start of discrimination training.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…In previous studies of exposure learning, exposure continued up to, or beyond the start of discrimination training (see Hall, 1979), and it was not known whether rats viewing the stimuli in early life and then tested much later would benefit from their experience. Therefore, some rats were given further brief exposures to the stimuli during the period of nutritional rehabilitation in the expectation of maintaining the effect of early exposure during that interval (cf.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The present experiment was designed to examine the effect of early-life undernutrition on what Hall (1979) has called "exposure learning." This phenomenon was first described by Gibson and Walk (1956), who raised rats from birth in cages containing two-dimensional shapes (2 triangles and 2 circles).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Incidental learning is impaired during early‐life undernutrition

Rogers

Tonkiss

Smart

1986

Developmental Psychobiology

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Rats were either well-nourished (control) or undernourished (PU) during the suckling and early post-weaning periods (birth to 45 days), after which all animals were fed ad libitum. From 25 to 45 days half of the rats in each group were exposed continuously in their home cases to shape stimuli (triangles and circles). Half of each of these 4 groups were given "reminders" of the stimuli through exposure for 2 h every 10-12 days from 55 to 131 days. Beginning on day 132, ability to discriminate these same visual stimuli was tested using a nonappetitively motivated version of the Lashley jumping stand technique. Discrimination learning per se was unimpaired by previous undernutrition (control and PU rats not viewing the stimuli prior to training performed equally well). However, early-life exposure led to improved learning performance only in control rats; it had no effect on the performance of PU rats (significant exposure X nutrition interaction). These findings indicate that undernutrition interfered with early "incidental learning", that is, learning about features of the environment which are not, at the time, biologically relevant. Finally, retention of the discrimination was assessed 9 weeks after the rats had attained criterion performance. There were no effects of nutrition or prior exposure on long-term memory.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

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confidence: 97%

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Incidental learning is impaired during early‐life undernutrition

Rogers

Tonkiss

Smart

1986

Developmental Psychobiology

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“…These results parallel the findings of other recent studies of mammals. For example, the offspring of malnourished rats suck more than those of well-fed mothers (Hall, Leaky & Robertson, 1979). Similarly, calves born to farmed red deer grazing low quality hill pasture suck more frequently, despite higher rejection rates, than calves born to mothers on improved grass pasture (Loudon, McNeilly & Milne, 1983).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On growth of the octopusEledone cirrhosa

Boyle

Knobloch

1982

J. Mar. Biol. Ass.

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With 6 plates and 1 figure in the text)The development of egg/follicular cell complexes is described in maturing females of the octopus EIedone cirrhosa. Follicle cells proliferate to enclose the oocyte in a single epithelial layer which becomes deeply infolded. Active cell division of the follicle cells and recruitment of cells from an outer (thecal) layer generate this expansion of follicle cell epithelium. The onset of the main phase of vitellogenesis, secretion of protein yolk, occurs when eggs reach about 2 mm in length and is marked by the columnar appearance of the follicle cells and an increased number of larger and more complex nuclei. A significant proportion of the egg population fails to develop beyond 2-3 mm in length and these eggs subsequently degenerate.

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“…In domestic species, more milk in the mammary gland creates higher internal pressure, and offspring generally receive more milk per unit suckling time (Heald, 1985). In some species of mammals adult females in poor condition produce less milk, resulting in an inverse relationship between offspring suckling behavior and milk production (Hall et al, 1979;Louden et al, 1983;Mendl and Paul, 1989). Thus it seems plausible that better and/or more milk might reduce suckling time by chulengos, and it could explain the lower mean suckling time and mean number of suckling attempts/h of chulengos born in 1991.…”

Section: Yearly Variation In Maternal Expenditurementioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal expenditure in the polygynous and monomorphic guanaco: suckling behavior, reproductive effort, yearly variation, and influence on juvenile survival

Sarno

1999

Behavioral Ecology

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We investigated patterns of maternal expenditure and its influence on juvenile survival in the polygynous monomorphic guanaco (Lama guanicoe) in southern Chile from 1990 to 1994. Birth weight and growth rate (until age 1) of males and females were similar. Suckling rates of males and females were not significantly different, although mothers of males rejected suckling attempts more often than mothers of females during fall and winter. Mothers with sons terminated suckling bouts in equal proportion as did mothers with daughters. Our estimated level of reproductive effort for guanacos falls within the range of species exhibiting no sex-biased maternal expenditure on offspring. Mean yearly birth weight was negatively correlated with population density. Mean suckling time throughout the year differed among cohorts, as did the mean number of suckling attempts and rejected suckling attempts per hour throughout the year. Juvenile survival was estimated until age 1. Of the model with five covariates including juvenile sex, birth weight, adult female aggression toward taggers, mean suckling time, and population density, only mean suckling time and population density were significantly related to survival. The risk ratio for mean suckling time indicates that the risk of mortality increases as suckling time increases, whereas the risk ratio for population density indicates that the risk of mortality decreases as population density increases. Under some conditions increasing population density may be correlated with lower offspring birth weight, yet enhanced juvenile survival. This effect on survival was possibly associated with the number of predators on the study area from year to year.

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The effects of protein malnutrition on the behavior of rats during the suckling period

Cited by 20 publications

References 22 publications

Incidental learning is impaired during early‐life undernutrition

Incidental learning is impaired during early‐life undernutrition

On growth of the octopusEledone cirrhosa

Maternal expenditure in the polygynous and monomorphic guanaco: suckling behavior, reproductive effort, yearly variation, and influence on juvenile survival

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