The Effects of Port Water Injection on Spark Ignition Engine Performance and Emissions Fueled by Pure Gasoline, E5 and E10

Abstract

It has been proven that vehicle emissions such as oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are negatively affecting the health of human beings as well as the environment. In addition, it was recently highlighted that air pollution may result in people being more vulnerable to the deadly COVID-19 virus. The use of biofuels such as E5 and E10 as alternatives of gasoline fuel have been recommended by different researchers. In this paper, the impacts of port injection of water to a spark ignition engine fueled by gasoline, E5 and E10 on its performance and NOx production have been investigated. The experimental work was undertaken using a KIA Cerato engine and the results were used to validate an AVL BOOST model. To develop the numerical analysis, design of experiment (DOE) method was employed. The results showed that by increasing the ethanol fraction in gasoline/ethanol blend, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) improved between 2.3% and 4.5%. However, the level of NOx increased between 22% to 48%. With port injection of water up to 8%, there was up to 1% increase in engine power whereas NOx and BSFC were reduced by 8% and 1%, respectively. The impacts of simultaneous changing of the start of combustion (SOC) and water injection rate on engine power and NOx production was also investigated. It was found that the NOx concentration is very sensitive to SOC variation.

Numerical Study of Engine Performance and Emissions for Port Injection of Ammonia into a Gasoline\Ethanol Dual-Fuel Spark Ignition Engine

“…The minimum required fuel octane number for preventing engine knock with ammonia injection is presented in Figure 15. While ethanol addition did not affect the minimum octane number parameter significantly [3], the increase in port injection of ammonia up to 5% and 10% led to a reduction in the minimum octane number, from 84 (A0) to 82 (A5) and 81 (A10), respectively. Therefore, the port injection of ammonia can be considered as being beneficial for engine knock.…”

“…In the vibe two zone model, the fuel mass burned fraction (x) during combustion is expressed by Equation (5) [3,34]:…”

“…In a dual-fuel engine, the equivalent BSFC should be utilized to offer a means of fair assessment between fueling strategies. In this study, the equivalent BSFC is defined as [1,3]: W engine are the gasoline mass flow rate, ethanol mass flow rate, ammonia mass flow rate and engine power parameters, respectively. The ammonia is injected in various ratios, which can be defined as:…”

“…The fuel consumption rate and nitrogen oxide production rate were measured using a Dina fuel mass flow meter and a Testo 350 gas analyzer, respectively [33]. The engine's main output parameters, obtained from experiments [3], are compared to the corresponding values obtained from AVL BOOST. As shown in Table 3, the maximum error of the mathematical model is below 10%, which shows that the AVL BOOST output data are reliable.…”

“…The increasing rates of greenhouse gases and other emissions from different sectors, including transportation, are believed to be having a significant negative impact on our environment [1,2]. The surplus level of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, has resulted in an increase in atmospheric temperature and a shortage of freshwater [3]. Furthermore, other emissions from vehicles, such as nitrogen oxides and particulates, are directly linked with serious health problems, such as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, infant mortality rate and cancer [4,5].…”