The Effects of Paper Recycling and its Environmental Impact

Čabalová, Iveta; Kačík, František; Geffert, Anton; Kačíková, Danica

doi:10.5772/23110

Cited by 39 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…In order to reduce the negative environmental impact, the use of recycled fibers is being promoted. However, infinite reuse is not possible [163]. The drying of fibers causes the fibers to shrink and collapse, and the fiber walls even partially coalesce.…”

Section: Pulp Fractions and Hornificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors affecting the hygroexpansion of paper

Lindner

2017

J Mater Sci

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Paper is a widely used packaging material and is nowadays regaining importance, e.g., as bio-based and biodegradable material. Moreover, new technologies such as polymer-fiber composites, printed electronics and the deep drawing of paper are developing. The process stability and also the resulting quality of paper converting processes such as coating, metallization, printing, and the printing of electronics are highly affected by the hygroexpansion of paper. In order to reduce production instability and to choose and develop paper substrates with ideal characteristics, critical parameters need to be known. This paper offers an extensive overview of those parameters, starting at a molecular and microscopic level with the effect of the constituents and morphology of single fibers, before moving on to paper contents, chemical modifications and additives and finally concluding with paper production and fiber network modification. It was found that the major influences are single fiber sorption, inter-fiber contacts, microfibril angle, fiber morphology (length, width, curliness) and fiber orientation. This review gives new ideas and insights for technologists working in research, development and production optimization of paper-based products.

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Section: Pulp Fractions and Hornificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors affecting the hygroexpansion of paper

Lindner

2017

J Mater Sci

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“…If cellulose is then resuspended in water, the original swollen state is not regained [49,50]. The effect of hornification can mostly be observed with properties that are connected to hydration or swelling, e.g., tensile characteristics [83].…”

Section: Tga Investigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drying of the Natural Fibers as A Solvent-Free Way to Improve the Cellulose-Filled Polymer Composite Performance

Cichosz

2020

Polymers

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When considering cellulose (UFC100) modification, most of the processes employ various solvents in the role of the reaction environment. The following article addresses a solvent-free method, thermal drying, which causes a moisture content decrease in cellulose fibers. Herein, the moisture content in UFC100 was analyzed with spectroscopic methods, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. During water desorption, a moisture content drop from approximately 6% to 1% was evidenced. Moreover, drying may bring about a specific variation in cellulose’s chemical structure. These changes affected the cellulose-filled polymer composite’s properties, e.g., an increase in tensile strength from 17 MPa for the not-dried UFC100 to approximately 30 MPa (dried cellulose; 24 h, 100 °C) was observed. Furthermore, the obtained tensile test results were in good correspondence with Payne effect values, which changed from 0.82 MPa (not-dried UFC100) to 1.21 MPa (dried fibers). This raise proves the reinforcing nature of dried UFC100, as the Payne effect is dependent on the filler structure’s development within a polymer matrix. This finding paves new opportunities for natural fiber applications in polymer composites by enabling a solvent-free and efficient cellulose modification approach that fulfils the sustainable development rules.

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“…The collection of paper has increased up to 59.6 million tonnes while paper consumption has increased by 0.5% compared to 2016 to 82.5 million tonnes 2 . However, by increasing the number of recycling cycles of paper and cartonboard, the quality of the fibers gradually decreases due to the chemical and mechanical treatments that occur during paper sheet formation, causing irreversible changes in the fiber structure and properties 3,4 . This hornification of cellulose fibers reduces the bonding potential of recycled fibers with the number of cycles and, consequently, their strength 3,[5][6][7] .…”

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confidence: 99%

Comparison Of Mechanical And Chemical Nanocellulose As Additives To Reinforce Recycled Cardboard

Sánchez-Salvador

Balea

Monte

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Recycling cycles cause a decrease in mechanical paper properties due to cellulose fiber degradation. The use of cellulose micro/nanofibers (CMF/CNF) to reinforce paper strength has been well studied, although it has been found to have negative effects on drainage. However, the application of CMF/CNF as paper reinforcement is affected by the nanocellulose type. Thus in this study mechanical and chemical treatments in CNF production were compared. Old corrugated container (OCC) pulp used to produce recycled cartonboard was reinforced with 1) CMF from never-dried northern bleached softwood kraft pulp (NBSK) highly refined in a 16-inch low consistency refiner at 1200 rpm and 25 kW of net power; and 2) CNF from NBSK pulp treated by TEMPO-mediated oxidation and homogenization at 600 bars. CMF/CNF and OCC were pulped at the same time and handsheets formed with cationic starch (CS) as retention system. Mechanical, drainage and flocculation properties were evaluated and compared. Data were also compared with other sources of TEMPO CNF. Results show an improvement in mechanical properties, drainage and flocculation when OCC is reinforced with CMF obtained with LCR. Therefore, high fibrillation was not necessary to improve mechanical paper or cardboard properties.

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The Effects of Paper Recycling and its Environmental Impact

Cited by 39 publications

References 33 publications

Factors affecting the hygroexpansion of paper

Factors affecting the hygroexpansion of paper

Drying of the Natural Fibers as A Solvent-Free Way to Improve the Cellulose-Filled Polymer Composite Performance

Comparison Of Mechanical And Chemical Nanocellulose As Additives To Reinforce Recycled Cardboard

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