The Effects of Nicotine on Attention and Working Memory in Never-Smokers.

Kleykamp, Bethea A.; Jennings, Janine M.; Blank, Melissa D.; Eissenberg, Thomas

doi:10.1037/0893-164x.19.4.433

Cited by 49 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Although several studies have demonstrated that smoking or nicotine can improve working memory in tobacco-deprived or nondeprived smokers (Ernst et al, 2001;Grobe et al, 1998) and in nonsmokers (Kumari et al, 2003;McClernon et al, 2003), our results are in agreement with others who reported no nicotine-associated improvement in working memory (Kleykamp et al, 2005;Myers et al, 2004;Park et al, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Some studies reported enhanced working memory following nicotine administration to nonsmokers (Foulds et al, 1996;Kumari et al, 2003;McClernon et al, 2003) and former smokers and abstinent smokers (Ernst et al, 2001). In contrast, other studies reported that nicotine either had no effect (Heishman et al, 1993;Kleykamp et al, 2005;Myers et al, 2004) or impaired working memory (Park et al, 2000). Heishman and Henningfield (2000) found that nicotine gum enhanced speed, but decreased working memory accuracy in nonsmokers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Dose-Related Enhancement of Mood and Cognition in Smokers Administered Nicotine Nasal Spray

Myers

Taylor

Moolchan

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

126

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The discovery of the role of nicotinic receptors in attention and memory has led to the testing of nicotinic analogs as cognitive enhancing agents in patient populations. Empirical information about nicotine's ability to enhance elements of attention and memory in normal individuals might guide development of therapeutic uses of nicotine in cognitively impaired populations. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of nicotine on continuous attention, working memory, and computational processing in tobacco-deprived and nondeprived smokers. A total of 28 smokers (14 men, 14 women) participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject study, in which they were overnight (12 h) tobacco deprived at one session and smoked ad libitum before the other session. At each session, participants received 0, 1, and 2 mg nicotine via nasal spray in random order at 90 min intervals. Before and after each dose, a battery of cognitive, subjective, and physiological measures was administered, and blood samples were taken for plasma nicotine concentration. Overnight tobacco deprivation resulted in impaired functioning on all cognitive tests and increased self-reports of tobacco craving and negative mood; nicotine normalized these deficits. In the nondeprived condition, nicotine enhanced performance on the continuous performance test (CPT) and an arithmetic test in a dose-related manner, but had no effect on working memory. In general, women were more sensitive than men to the subjective effects of nicotine. These results provide an unequivocal determination that nicotine enhanced attentional and computational abilities in nondeprived smokers and suggest these cognitive domains as substrates for novel therapeutic indications.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Dose-Related Enhancement of Mood and Cognition in Smokers Administered Nicotine Nasal Spray

Myers

Taylor

Moolchan

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

126

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“…Only N-back reaction time was influenced by nicotine, an effect that is consistent with previous findings of nicotine-induced enhancement. 38,43 However, other work has shown that nicotine has no effect on cognition in this population 28,42 or even produces impairment, 41,44 suggesting further exploration of the specific cognitive processes responsive to nicotine. 42 The moderate caffeine doses used in this study did not influence either physiological or subjective response.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…38,43 However, other work has shown that nicotine has no effect on cognition in this population 28,42 or even produces impairment, 41,44 suggesting further exploration of the specific cognitive processes responsive to nicotine. 42 The moderate caffeine doses used in this study did not influence either physiological or subjective response. Although these results seem to contradict some previous work, 6,9 the higher doses used in those studies (up to 4 times greater than the 150 mg dose used in this study) may account for the discrepancy (but see also 1 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Caffeine's Influence on Nicotine's Effects in Nonsmokers

Blank¹,

Kleykamp²,

Jennings³

et al. 2007

am j health behav

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Objective-To determine if nicotine's effects are influenced by caffeine in nonsmoking, moderate-caffeine consuming individuals (N=20).Methods-The first 3 sessions included one of 3 randomly ordered, double-blind caffeine doses (0, 75, or 150 mg, oral [po]) and 2 single-blind nicotine gum doses (2 and 4 mg) in ascending order. The fourth session (single blind) repeated the 0 mg caffeine condition.Results-Nicotine increased heart rate and subjective ratings indicative of aversive effects, and decreased reaction times. These effects were independent of caffeine dose and reliable across sessions. Conclusions-In nonsmokers, nicotine effects are not influenced by moderate caffeine doses.Keywords nicotine; caffeine; interaction; subjective effect; cognition Nicotine and caffeine are mild psychomotor stimulants and the most widely used drugs in the United States. 1,2 Interestingly, 80-97% of nicotine users also use caffeine: 3 smokers drink more coffee than nonsmokers and self-administer more nicotine when using caffeine. 4,5 This frequent co-administration may reflect the influence of pharmacokinetics 6,7 and/or environment. 8 Also, the effects of the nicotine-caffeine combination may differ from those of either drug alone. 1,9 Individually, nicotine and caffeine increase heart rate, 10 produce stimulation and arousal, 11,12 and improve attention. 13,14 Some of these effects may be enhanced when the drugs are combined. For example, oral caffeine, but not placebo, increased the subjective and reinforcing effects of intravenous (IV) nicotine (eg, higher ratings of "stimulated" and monetary crossover point, or amount of money willing to be paid to receive drug; [N = 9] 9 ; see also [N = 12] 1 ). Also, 2 mg nicotine gum increased accuracy on a digit-recall task when administered with active, but not placebo, caffeine [N = 6]. 15 Importantly, results from these studies may be influenced by the fact that all participants were regular nicotine users. When regular nicotine users are included in studies examining nicotine effects, results can be influenced by tolerance and dependence. For instance, recent NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript nicotine exposure may result in a marked reduction of drug effect (ie, tolerance), 16 whereas dependence can produce withdrawal signs and symptoms after a period of drug abstinence. 17 Drug-induced suppression of these signs and symptoms 18 can be mistaken for a direct effect of the drug. One way to understand the direct effects of drugs is to include individuals who are not tolerant to or dependent on them. 19,20 Accordingly, there are several reports of the combined effects of nicotine and caffeine in nonnicotine users (N = 10). 21,22 However, these small-sample studies may have been underpowered. Thus, their failure to report an enhanced effect of the nicotine/caffeine combination, relative to either drug alone, may reflect a Type II error. Although including individuals with no history of caffeine use would also be valuable, this goal is vi...

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“…Nicotine administration facilitates orienting and alerting aspects of attention (Levin et al, 1998;Witte et al, 1997). Nicotine administration may also facilitate memory function (e.g., Perkins et al, 1994), although there are also reports that it may have no effect or even impair memory (e.g., Kleykamp et al, 2005). Inconsistent results such as these suggest that a variety of variables can modulate the cognitive effects of nicotine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Sexually dimorphic effects of acute nicotine administration on arousal and visual-spatial ability in non-smoking human volunteers

Neumann

Fitzgerald

Furedy

et al. 2007

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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. (2007) "Sexually dimorphic effects of acute nicotine administration on arousal and visual-spatial ability in nonsmoking human volunteers" Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 86 (4),[758][759][760][761][762][763][764][765] http://epublications.bond.edu.au/hss_pubs/336 The effect of an acute administration of nicotine on arousal and visual-spatial ability in healthy non-smoking participants was investigated. Healthy adult volunteers with a mean age of 19.98 years received a transdermal nicotine or placebo patch prior to completing a water level task and two mental rotation tasks while concurrent psychophysiological recordings were taken. Nicotine administration showed a sexually dimorphic effect on arousal (skin conductance level and heart rate). Evidence of superior performance in males compared to females was found in reaction time and accuracy measures for the visual-spatial tasks. However, performance reflected the interaction between sex and nicotine. Nicotine slowed reaction times in the mental rotation tasks more extensively in females than males. Nicotine also reduced confidence in performance during the water level task in males, but not females. The effects of nicotine on visual-spatial ability may reflect the interactive effects of sex and changes in arousal levels induced by nicotine administration.

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The Effects of Nicotine on Attention and Working Memory in Never-Smokers.

Cited by 49 publications

References 44 publications

Dose-Related Enhancement of Mood and Cognition in Smokers Administered Nicotine Nasal Spray

Dose-Related Enhancement of Mood and Cognition in Smokers Administered Nicotine Nasal Spray

Caffeine's Influence on Nicotine's Effects in Nonsmokers

Sexually dimorphic effects of acute nicotine administration on arousal and visual-spatial ability in non-smoking human volunteers

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