The effects of music on the cardiovascular system and cardiovascular health

Abstract

Music may not only improve quality of life but may also effect changes in heart rate and heart rate variability. It has been shown that cerebral flow was significantly lower when listening to 'Va pensiero' from Verdi's 'Nabucco' (70.4±3.3 cm/s) compared with 'Libiam nei lieti calici' from Verdi's 'La Traviata' (70.2±3.1 cm/s) (p<0.02) or Bach's Cantata No. 169 'Gott soll allein mein Herze haben' (70.9±2.9 cm/s) (p<0.02). There was no significant difference in cerebral flow during rest (67.6±3.3 cm/s) or when listening to Beethoven's Ninth Symphony (69.4±3.1 cm/s). It was reported that relaxing music significantly decreases the level of anxiety of patients in a preoperative setting (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)-X-1 score 34)-to a greater extent even than orally administered midazolam (STAI-X-1 score 36) (p<0.001). In addition the score was better after surgery in the music group (STAI-X-1 score 30) compared with the midazolam group (STAI-X-1 score 34) (p<0.001). Higher effectiveness and absence of apparent adverse effects make relaxing, preoperative music a useful alternative to midazolam for premedication. In addition, there is sufficient practical evidence of stress reduction suggesting that a proposed regimen of listening to music while resting in bed after open-heart surgery is important in clinical use. After 30 min of bed rest, there was a significant difference in cortisol levels between the music (484.4 mmol/l) and the non-music group (618.8 mmol/l) (p<0.02). Vocal and orchestral music produce significantly better correlations between cardiovascular or respiratory signals compared with music with a more uniform emphasis (p<0.05). The greatest benefit on health is visible with classical music and meditation music, whereas heavy metal music or techno are not only ineffective but possibly dangerous and can lead to stress and/or life-threatening arrhythmias. The music of many composers most effectively improves quality of life, will increase health and probably prolong life, particularly music by Bach, Mozart or Italian composers.

The Effects of Music Therapy on Anxiety, Sedation, and Stress Responses of Patients Undergoing Surgery with Spinal Anesthesia

“…그간 음악요법을 통 한 불안 [8], 진정상태 [17], ACTH와 코티졸 [9], 혈당 [18] 및 활 력 징후 [8]에 대한 효과를 검증하기 위해 척추마취 하 수술 환 자나 [8,9] 관상동맥 시술 환자 들을 대상으로 [16] 다양한 연구 들이 이루어져왔다. 음악요법의 효과는 불안감소 [7,8], 진정상 태 유지 [19], ACTH와 코티졸 감소 [9,20] 및 혈당 감소 [12], 혈 압감소 [21], 심박수 감소 [22] p=.010) 가설이 채택되었다( Table 4) …”

Using music as a signal for biofeedback

“…Optimal enjoyment, albeit considered important, was given less priority. We decided to convey the physiological state of participants by controlling musical tempo and volume, since past studies have shown that these parameters are capable of modulating changes in arousal (Khalfa et al, 2002;Zatorre, 2005;Hunter and Schellenberg, 2010;Trappe, 2010).…”

“…One clearly established universal effect is the direct correlation between the level of arousal as represented through the tempo and volume of the music, and the level of arousal experienced by its listeners (Hunter and Schellenberg, 2010;Khalfa et al, 2002;Trappe, 2010;Zatorre, 2005). Besides the level of induced arousal, music universally also has the effect of entrainment on humans: the subconscious synchronization of various bio-rhythms to rhythms in the music.…”

“…Besides entrainment on volitional movement (gait, tapping, head-nodding etc. ) there are several reports on physiologically detectable effects on Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) responses (Clayton et al, 2005;Khalfa et al, 2008;Orini et al, 2010;Trappe, 2010). Direct entrainment effects have been observed on respiration rate (Haas et al, 1986), while Bernardi et al (2009) demonstrated a clear synchronization between physiological measures (e.g., heart rate, respiration rate) and musical rhythm.…”

O efeito da música no estresse de pacientes adultos durante cirurgias odontológicas: estudo randomizado, caso-controle e multiparamétrico

“…Ela também pode alterar a percepção e sensação de dor (Good et al, 1999;Bogopolsky, 2007;Vaajoki et al, 2010;Trappe, 2011). Alguns autores utilizam a escala analógica visual (VAS), numérica ou verbal (Meeuse et al, 2010;Vaajoki et al, 2010;Kim et al, 2011).…”