“…On the flight deck, pilots may be exposed to a variety of stimuli that have the potential to elicit the startle reflex and response. Visual stimuli, such as sudden illumination by lasers, have resulted in incidents where pilots have been startled or even disoriented, especially during the final approach phase (Nakagawara, Montgomery, Dillard, McLin, & Connor, 2004). The evidence suggests that in aviation, the immediate psychomotor impact of the startle reflex may induce brief disorientation and shortterm psychomotor impairments which are likely to lead to task interruptions, or brief confusion.…”