The Effects of Ketamine on Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activity and Phrenic Nerve Activity in Rabbits (with Vagotomy) With and Without Afferent Inputs from Peripheral Receptors

The effect of ketamine on the MACBAR of sevoflurane in dogs

“…2007), and there is evidence that MAC BAR is also determined at the level of the spinal cord (Antognini & Berg 1995), although specific effect sites remain uncertain. It might be argued that the increase in sympathetic outflow mediated by ketamine could have a confounding effect on MAC BAR determination (Sasao et al. 1996).…”

“…Log 10 ketamine (r = 0.90, p < 0.0001) and norketamine (r = 0.91, p < 0.0001) plasma concentrations (ng mL )1 ) during ketamine infusions of 6.25 lg kg )1 minute )1 , 12.5 lg kg )1 minute )1 , 25 lg kg )1 minute )1 , and 50 lg kg )1 minute )1 . (Sasao et al 1996). However, unpublished data from the authors' laboratory showed that nitrous oxide, which acts at least partially through NMDA receptor antagonism (Jevtovic-Todorovic et al 1998) and increases sympathetic outflow (Sinner & Graf 2008) similarly to ketamine, decreased MAC and MAC BAR in a parallel fashion.…”