The Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Nucleic Acids of Bacteriophages and Bacterial Cells

Ginoza, William

doi:10.1146/annurev.ns.17.120167.002345

Cited by 19 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…At low viral loads, both in vivo and ex vivo , the gene expression distribution roughly matched the expected pattern, with most of the transcripts derived from the 3' end of the genome, in particular NP , and the fewest transcripts derived from the 5' genes VP30 , VP24 , and L . In agreement with this pattern, cells inoculated with irradiated virus, which has impaired transcription due to RNA cleavage or crosslinking (Feng et al, 2011;Ginoza, 1967;Ward, 1980) , were highly enriched in NP mRNA ( Figure S10B ), suggestive of RNA fragment transcription. However, as viral load increased in cells infected with live EBOV, GP was the most highly expressed viral transcript.…”

Section: Single-cell Transcriptomics Of Ex Vivo Infected Pbmcs Revealsupporting

confidence: 68%

Single-cell profiling of Ebola virus infectionin vivoreveals viral and host transcriptional dynamics

Kotliar

Lin

Logue

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Ebola virus (EBOV) causes epidemics with high case fatality rates, yet remains understudied due to the challenge of experimentation in high-containment and outbreak settings. To better understand EBOV infection in vivo , we used single-cell transcriptomics and CyTOF-based single-cell protein quantification to characterize peripheral immune cell activity during EBOV infection in rhesus monkeys. We obtained 100,000 transcriptomes and 15,000,000 protein profiles, providing insight into pathogenesis. We find that immature, proliferative monocyte-lineage cells with reduced antigen presentation capacity replace conventional circulating monocyte subsets within days of infection, while lymphocytes upregulate apoptosis genes and decline in abundance. By quantifying viral RNA abundance in individual cells, we identify molecular determinants of tropism and examine temporal dynamics in viral and host gene expression. Within infected cells, we observe that EBOV down-regulates STAT1 mRNA and interferon signaling, and up-regulates putative pro-viral genes (e.g., DYNLL1 and HSPA5 ), nominating cellular pathways the virus manipulates for its replication. Overall, this study sheds light on EBOV tropism, replication dynamics, and elicited immune response, and provides a framework for characterizing interactions between hosts and emerging viruses in a maximum containment setting. over-activation of innate and adaptive immunity underlies much of EVD pathology, rather than solely virus-mediated cytotoxicity (Geisbert et al., 2003a(Geisbert et al., , 2003b .

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Section: Single-cell Transcriptomics Of Ex Vivo Infected Pbmcs Revealsupporting

confidence: 68%

Single-cell profiling of Ebola virus infectionin vivoreveals viral and host transcriptional dynamics

Kotliar

Lin

Logue

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…The flexibility introduced by localized regions of helix disruption could lower the viscosity. (b) Singlestrand breakage of DNA by ionizing radiation has been observed under virtually all conditions examined (see reviews: Ginoza, 1967;Kanazir, 1969). Localized regions of flexibility may be associated with such breaks.…”

Section: Comparison Of Viscometry and Sedimentation Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Physical Measurement of Radiation Damage to Coliphage T7 DNA

Hawkins¹,

Ginsberg²

1971

Biophysical Journal

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Coliphage T7 was exposed to (60)Co gamma radiation while suspended in phosphate buffer or in phosphate buffer plus 0.001 M l-histidine. DNA was isolated from the phage by incubation with pronase, followed by extraction with cold phenol. The intrinsic viscosity of the DNA was measured as a function of radiation dose. The fraction of DNA molecules surviving radiation treatment with no double-strand breaks was measured from the radiation-induced heterogeneity of the DNA sedimentation boundary. From comparison of these measurements it is concluded that radiation introduces lesions other than double-strand breaks which affect the hydrodynamic properties of the DNA. In both buffer and buffer plus histidine the surviving fraction of intact virus genomes far exceeds the surviving fraction of plaque-forming units at any given dose. It was found that the decrease in intrinsic viscosity with dose is independent of the presence of histidine in the radiation medium. From this it is concluded that DNA damage is primarily due to a direct effect of radiation on the phage particle. The procedure necessary to isolate DNA from irradiated virus suggests that radiation produces covalent bonding of protein to the DNA.

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“…Gegen Warme verhalten sich Viren insgesamt etwas labiler als Bakterien, wenn man von wenigen Ausnahmen absieht (24,34,42,44,45,79,86). Auch UVund ionisierende Strahlen widerstehen Viren nicht besser als Bakterien (9,10,23,24,44,48,52). Bei Chemikalien bestehen prinzipielle Unterschiede.…”

Section: Neunclassified

Desinfektion von Viren

Mahnel

1983

Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin Reihe B

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Zusammenfassung Über den gegenwärtigen Stand auf dem Gebiet der viralen Desinfektion wird ein Überblick gegeben. Die Aufgaben und damit verbunden die Anforderungen sind zwischen Humanmedizin, Tiermedizin, Tierhaltung und anderen Bereichen wie Lebensmitteltechnologie und Wasserhygiene sehr verschieden. In der Empfindlichkeit der Viren gegenüber Desinfektionsverfahren bestehen — ähnlich der Widerstandsfähigkeit gegen Umwelteinflüsse allgemein — überwiegend deutliche, wenn auch mehr oder weniger große Unterschiede zwischen den insgesamt labileren behüllten Virusarten einerseits und den aufgrund ihres Aufbaues stabileren hüllenlosen, nackten Viren andererseits. Verständlich wird die unterschiedliche Reaktion der Viren, besonders gegenüber chemischen Wirkstoffen der Desinfektion, aufgrund des Virusaufbaus insbes. der relativen Empfindlichkeit von lipidhaltigen für die Infektiosität essentiellen Virushüllen. Letztere erklärt auch die unterschiedliche Wirkungsweise vieler viruzider Mittel. Die bisherigen Erkenntnisse über die Unterschiede in der Stabilität verschiedener Virusarten gegenüber bekannten Desinfektionsverfahren wie auch die bisher bekannten Beziehungen zwischen Virus und inaktivierendem Einfluß werden besprochen. Für die Praxis der antiviralen Desinfektion hat neben den grundsätzlichen Wechselbeziehungen noch eine Reihe von Faktoren wie Art der viralen Verunreinigung, Zustand des zu desinfizierenden Objektes, Wirkungstemperatur u. a. Bedeutung. Prüfungsverfahren für Mittel auf viruzide Wirksamkeit, die gegenwärtig noch in der Entwicklung stehen, haben sich auf die prinzipielle Viruzidie und auch die Nebenfaktoren sowie das Anwendungsgebiet auszurichten. Die ersten Erfahrungen aus Viruzidieprüfungen werden diskutiert. Summary Disinfection for Viruses Present knowledge of viral disinfection is reviewed. The objectives and consequential procedures differ widely in the fields of human medicine, veterinary medicine and animal husbandry and in other areas such as food technology and water hygiene. The susceptibility of viruses to disinfection procedures — like their resistance to environmental influences — differs widely between, on the one hand, the wholly labile sheathed virus species and, on the other, the stable sheathless, naked viruses. The different reactions of viruses to the chemical effects of disinfection can be readily appreciated because of their differing structure, especially the relative susceptibility of lipid‐containing coats which are essential for infectivity. The latter explains also the differing modes of activity of many virucidal agents. Present knowledge of the differences in stability of different viral species against known disinfection procedures and also knowledge of the relationships between virus and inactivation effects are discussed. Under practice conditions antiviral disinfection has, in addition to its basic interrelationships, a whole series of factors such as the type of viral contamination, condition of the material to be disinfected, working temperature etc, to be taken into...

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The Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Nucleic Acids of Bacteriophages and Bacterial Cells

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Single-cell profiling of Ebola virus infectionin vivoreveals viral and host transcriptional dynamics

Single-cell profiling of Ebola virus infectionin vivoreveals viral and host transcriptional dynamics

The Physical Measurement of Radiation Damage to Coliphage T7 DNA

Desinfektion von Viren

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