Desinfektion von Viren

Abstract

Zusammenfassung Über den gegenwärtigen Stand auf dem Gebiet der viralen Desinfektion wird ein Überblick gegeben. Die Aufgaben und damit verbunden die Anforderungen sind zwischen Humanmedizin, Tiermedizin, Tierhaltung und anderen Bereichen wie Lebensmitteltechnologie und Wasserhygiene sehr verschieden. In der Empfindlichkeit der Viren gegenüber Desinfektionsverfahren bestehen — ähnlich der Widerstandsfähigkeit gegen Umwelteinflüsse allgemein — überwiegend deutliche, wenn auch mehr oder weniger große Unterschiede zwischen den insgesamt labileren behüllten Virusarten einerseits und den aufgrund ihres Aufbaues stabileren hüllenlosen, nackten Viren andererseits. Verständlich wird die unterschiedliche Reaktion der Viren, besonders gegenüber chemischen Wirkstoffen der Desinfektion, aufgrund des Virusaufbaus insbes. der relativen Empfindlichkeit von lipidhaltigen für die Infektiosität essentiellen Virushüllen. Letztere erklärt auch die unterschiedliche Wirkungsweise vieler viruzider Mittel. Die bisherigen Erkenntnisse über die Unterschiede in der Stabilität verschiedener Virusarten gegenüber bekannten Desinfektionsverfahren wie auch die bisher bekannten Beziehungen zwischen Virus und inaktivierendem Einfluß werden besprochen. Für die Praxis der antiviralen Desinfektion hat neben den grundsätzlichen Wechselbeziehungen noch eine Reihe von Faktoren wie Art der viralen Verunreinigung, Zustand des zu desinfizierenden Objektes, Wirkungstemperatur u. a. Bedeutung. Prüfungsverfahren für Mittel auf viruzide Wirksamkeit, die gegenwärtig noch in der Entwicklung stehen, haben sich auf die prinzipielle Viruzidie und auch die Nebenfaktoren sowie das Anwendungsgebiet auszurichten. Die ersten Erfahrungen aus Viruzidieprüfungen werden diskutiert. Summary Disinfection for Viruses Present knowledge of viral disinfection is reviewed. The objectives and consequential procedures differ widely in the fields of human medicine, veterinary medicine and animal husbandry and in other areas such as food technology and water hygiene. The susceptibility of viruses to disinfection procedures — like their resistance to environmental influences — differs widely between, on the one hand, the wholly labile sheathed virus species and, on the other, the stable sheathless, naked viruses. The different reactions of viruses to the chemical effects of disinfection can be readily appreciated because of their differing structure, especially the relative susceptibility of lipid‐containing coats which are essential for infectivity. The latter explains also the differing modes of activity of many virucidal agents. Present knowledge of the differences in stability of different viral species against known disinfection procedures and also knowledge of the relationships between virus and inactivation effects are discussed. Under practice conditions antiviral disinfection has, in addition to its basic interrelationships, a whole series of factors such as the type of viral contamination, condition of the material to be disinfected, working temperature etc, to be taken into...

Comparative Pathogenesis, Genomics and Phylogeography of Mousepox

“…In agreement with their geographic origin, ECTV-M1, ECTV-M4, ECTV-M5 and ECTV-MK are closely related and form a subclade within the European clade that we named Central-European subclade. These isolates were independently isolated in Germany in 1976 in the cities of Munich (ECTV-M1) and Nunberg (ECTV-M4), in the region of Krefeld (Germany) in 2008 (ECTV-MK), and in Wien (Austria) in 1994 (ECTV-M5) [24,25]. The Asian clade includes ERPV and ECTV-N, whose relationship was previously described [34].…”

“…Monkey kidney BS-C-1 cells (ATCC: CCL-26) were used for virus amplification and preparation of semi-purified viral stocks as described [34]. ECTV-H [8] and ECTV-MH [16] (original stocks from K. Dumbell) were supplied by J. Williamson (St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom); ECTV-HE was provided by A. Mullbacher (John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia) [15]; ECTV-I was provided by Y. Ichihashi (Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan) [28]; ECTV-M1 [24], ECTV-M4 and ECTV-M5 [25] were supplied by H. Meyer (Institute of Microbiology, Federal Armed Forces Medical Academy, Munich, Germany); ECTV-MK was isolated in 2008 from wild mice in the region of Krefeld, Germany, by A. Nitsche (The Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany); ECTV-M (ECTV-Moscow-3-P2) is a plaque-purified isolate provided by R. M. L. Buller (School of Medicine, Saint Louis University) [17,41]; ECTV-N is a plaque-purified isolate [34] derived from the original stock of the Naval Medical Research Institute outbreak (Bethesda, MD, USA) provided by R. M. L. Buller [35]. A list of the viruses used in the study is given in Table 1.…”

“…We have analyzed the virulence of nine ECTV isolates and strains in susceptible BALB/cJ mice infected s. c. in the footpad, the classical model of mousepox. The set of ECTV isolates tested in this experiment included the virulent isolates ECTV-M [41] and ECTV-H [8], three virus isolates (ECTV-M1, ECTV-M4 and ECTV-M5) from laboratory outbreaks in Central Europe [24] and a natural ECTV isolated from a wild mouse in Germany (ECTV-MK). We also included ECTVs attenuated after serial passage in cell culture (ECTV-I) [28] or CAMs (ECTV-HE and ECTV-MH) [15,16].…”

“…ECTV-H and ECTV-M were used by F. Fenner in early studies to characterize mousepox pathogenesis [15,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. Since then, numerous ECTV outbreaks were registered in Europe: in 1976 there were outbreaks in mouse colonies in Munich and Nuremberg, Germany, where ECTV-MP1 (ECTV-M1) and ECTV-MP4 (ECTV-M4) were isolated, respectively, and later in 1994 the isolate ECTV-MP5 (ECTV-M5) was responsible from an outbreak in Wien, Austria [24,25]. In 1986 and 1988 two outbreaks in Warsaw, Poland, were firstly described as ECTV isolates, but their genome sequencing demonstrated that they corresponded to VACV [26,27].…”

Tenacity of mammalian viruses in the gut of leeches fed with porcine blood

“…BPV, FCV, EAV and EHV-1 were selected. EAV and EHV-1 are known to be of low tenacity (Liess & Kaaden, 2003;Mahnel, 1983;Rolle & Mayer, 2002;Schliesser & Strauch, 1981), but their stability towards harmful environmental factors is higher than that of, for example, human immunodeficiency virus. FCV was included in this study because of its high tenacity, which is comparable to that of adenoviruses and reoviruses, which are widespread in animals.…”