“…In addition to the initial investment, the costs include higher coordination and management expenses over geographical and cultural distances, enforcement of contracts, protection of patents, and the risks associated with foreign exchange, taxation, and political factors. The many possible patterns of firm-level internationalisation imply alternative combinations of benefits and costs, and following the early work of Errunza & Senbet (1981, 1984, an extensive empirical literature has sought to identify and measure them. The issue, however, remains unsettled.…”