The Effects of Interferon-α2b on Intestinal Flora in Peritoneal Fibrosis

Tripodi

Rosati

et al. 2012

It has been reported that high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides are associated with increased risk of developing atherosclerosis and shorter life. In fact, vascular endothelial dysfunction occurs during the human aging process. Accumulation of lipids in vascular endothelium activates leukocytes to produce cytokines and chemokines which recruit macrophages. On the other hand, macrophages augment inflammatory response and secrete vascular endothelial growth factor, a key cytokine that mediates angiogenesis and inflammatory response. In addition, hyperlipidaemia is one of the main risk factors for aging, hypertension and diabetes. Here, we review the interrelationship between endothelial cells, high level of cholesterol, and aging.

Section: Fig 1 Pathogenesis Ofatherosclerosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Endothelial Cells, Cholesterol, Cytokines, and Aging

Tripodi

Rosati

et al. 2012

“…Interleukins (IL) are cytokines, and are mostly pro-inflammatory proteins that elicit their effects in an autocrine and paracrine manner. IL-4 is a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine that inhibits the synthesis of many inflammatory proteins, including cytokines, thus making IL-4 an attractive target for inhibition of inflammation, and may contribute to the beneficial effects of immunotherapy (15)(16)(17)(18)(19). However, IL-4 induces pro-inflammatory environments by overexpressing a number of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-l (VCAM-I), E-selectin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-I (MCP-I), and IL-6 in human vascular endothelial cells.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

IL-37 (IL-1F7) the Newest Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Which Suppresses Immune Responses and Inflammation

Tripodi

Rosati

et al. 2012

Cytokines such as interleukins, chemokines and interferons are immunomodulating and inflammatory agents, characterized by considerable redundancy, in that many cytokines appear to share similar functions. Virtually all nucleated cells, but especially epithelial cells and macrophages, are potent producers of cytokines. The objective of this study is to review the detailed mechanism of action and the biological profiles of IL-37, the newest anti-inflammatory cytokine. This review focuses on IL-37, a key cytokine in regulating inflammatory responses, mainly by inhibiting the expression, production and function of proinflammatory cytokines: IL-1 family pro-inflammatory effects are markedly suppressed by IL-37.

“…The dietary supplementationwith fishoils in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer reveal significantbenefit, including decreased disease activity and a decreased use of anti-inflammatory drugs (42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47). Recently, dietary components with antioxidant activity have received particular attention because of their potential role in modulating oxidative stress associated with aging, chronic conditions and cancer.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition and Cancer Prevention

Nicoletti

Saggini

et al. 2012

Cancer cells invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant sites. Diet high in fat is a strong link to, and perhaps causes, a high incidence of tumours. Trans-fatty acid might impair the function and it could be involved in the development of cancer. Cholesterol is also strongly suspected to be involved in the development of tumours, therefore it is important for everyone to eat well, especially for people with cancer to prevent the body tissues from breaking down and helping to rebuild the normal tissue that may have been affected by the treatments. Factors secreted by adipocytes and macrophages such as TNF-alpha and other inflammatory proteins are involved in inflammation in cancer. In addition, MCSF which up-regulates adipocyte tissue is also important for the stimulation of fat cell proliferation and is expressed by human adipocytes. Many cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-32, IL-33 and MCP-1, are biomarkers for cancer and chronic diseases along with transcription factors NFκB and AP-1; these last two factors are important bioactive substances on the molecular mechanism of the control of genes which in turn affect cellular metabolism. In this paper we revisit the interrelationship between cancer and metabolism.