The effects of Daucus carota extract against PC3, PNT1a prostate cells, acetylcholinesterase, glutathione S‐transferase, and α‐glycosidase; an in vitro–in silico study

Abstract

Daucus carota L. ssp. major (DCM) plant is widely used in traditional medicine to treat some types of cancer and various diseases. Therefore, we evaluated the biological activities of this plant to define its effects against prostate cancer (PCa), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), oxidation, and diabetes mellitus (DM) as well as identified its phenolic composition. To determine the anti‐cancer properties of the plant extract, we treated PCa cells with the extract at a concentration range of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/ml. Significant results were obtained against the PC3 cells compared to normal PNT1a prostate epithelial cells. As a result of precise measurements at the millimolar level, it was observed that the plant extract showed an effective inhibition (IC50) against glutathione S‐transferase (GST; 12.84 mM), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE; 15.07 mM), and α‐Gly (11.75 mM) enzymes when compared with standard inhibitors. Antioxidant activities of DCM methanol extract were determined via two well‐known in vitro techniques. The extracts showed antioxidant activities against the DPPH and ABTS+. The LC‐ESI‐MS/MS was used to determine the phenolic compounds of methanol extract from DCM. Chlorogenic acid (2,089.096 µg/g), shikimic acid (193.14 µg/g), and coumarin (113.604 µg/g) were characterized as major phenolic compounds. In addition, the interactions of chlorogenic acid, chrysin, coumarin, and shikimic acid with the used three enzymes have been calculated using molecular docking simulation. Practical applications Plant natural phenolic compounds have protective effects such as anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, anticarcinogen, and enzyme inhibitory. Therefore, it has an important place in the food and pharmaceutical industry. The present study aims to reveal the enzyme inhibitory, antioxidant, and anticarcinogenic properties of the Daucus carota ssp. Major (DCM) plant extract. Significant results were obtained against the PC3 cells compared to normal PNT1a prostate epithelial cells. DCM extract demonstrated considerable antioxidant activity and inhibitory potential on used metabolic enzymes. These biological effects are thought to have a relationship with rich chemical composition.

Analysis of bioactive compounds using LC–ESI–MS/MS, cytotoxic, antimicrobial effects, and enzyme activities from Cyclotrichium origanifolium

“…Pure water for chromatography was obtained using the Milli Q distilled water device (Millipore). All solutions were filtered with a Captiva premium syringe filter with a polypropylene shield, nylon membrane, 25 mm in diameter, and 0.45 μm pore size, and according to Atalar et al (2021) phenolic compound analysis was analysed by LC–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–ESI–MS/MS) analysis.…”

Comprehensive LC‐MS/MS phenolic profiling of Arum elongatum plant and bioaccessibility of phenolics in their infusions

“…After 50 mg of plant extract was completely dissolved in methanol, this stock solution was diluted to a concentration of 5 mg/L using methanol/water (v/v) solvent. The final solution was filtered (25 mm diameter, 0.45 µm pore size, Agilent) and the analysis of the phenolic compounds in the diluted extract solution of the plant was performed using a liquid chromatography system combined with Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry based on multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) according to the method of Atalar et al (2021) with slight modifications. A Poroshell 120 EC-C18 (100 mm, 4.6 mm ID, 2.7 mm) analytical column was used to separate the compounds.…”

“…MS conditions were set as follows: capillary voltage +3.5 kV, nebulizer gas of 35 psi, carrier gas of 8 L/min at 300°C, and multiple scan modes (negative and positive). Electrospray Ionization (ESI) was used to ionize the samples (Atalar et al, 2021).…”