The effects of hybrid cycle training in inactive people with long-term spinal cord injury: design of a multicenter randomized controlled trial

Abstract

The results of this RCT may provide future implications for exercise prescription that preserve long-term functioning in people with SCI.

Inflammation-mediating cytokine response to acute handcycling exercise with/without functional electrical stimulation-evoked lower-limb cycling

“…The production and release of IL-6 is regulated by a synergy of signaling pathways responsive to mechanical stimuli, intramuscular calcium concentrations, muscle glycogen stores, and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) [3,12,21]. In support of previous findings, 30 min of moderate intensity upper-limb exercise alone resulted in a significant increase in SNS-mediated plasma adrenaline concentrations [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Despite this SNS response, the 0.5-fold increase in plasma IL-6 observed during HC was smaller than the IL-6 response previously reported by Kouda et al in a group of non-spinal injured controls during 20 min arm-crank ergometry at the same relative intensity [9].…”

“…The addition of FES-evoked cycling to concurrent upper-limb exercise, termed hybrid exercise (HYB), has been shown to elicit greater cardiorespiratory stress than arm exercise alone [17]. Via the activation of a larger muscle mass, HYB may provide a more effective method for improving cardiorespiratory fitness and reducing risk factors for CVD than traditional upper-limb exercise modes [18]. It is unknown whether the deterioration in skeletal muscle size [19] and alterations in skeletal muscle metabolism [20] observed following lower-limb paralysis will affect the release of IL-6 and the subsequent anti-inflammatory cascade.…”

“…It is unknown whether the deterioration in skeletal muscle size [19] and alterations in skeletal muscle metabolism [20] observed following lower-limb paralysis will affect the release of IL-6 and the subsequent anti-inflammatory cascade. Similarly, it is unknown whether involuntary FES-evoked contractions can activate intracellular signaling mechanisms responsible for the production and release of the myokine IL-6 during acute exercise [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21].…”

Effects of hybrid cycle and handcycle exercise on cardiovascular disease risk factors in people with spinal cord injury: A randomized controlled trial

“…The design of the current study (which is part of a larger study) has been described previously by Bakkum et al (18). Briefly, this study was a 16-week open, explanatory, parallel-group randomized controlled trial (RCT), performed in 2 Dutch rehabilitation centres with a specialized SCI unit.…”

Review Paper: Wheelchair Design and Its Influence on Physical Activity and Quality of Life Among Disabled Individuals

“…Ebrahimi Hand bike is another alternative to the conventional, manually propelled wheelchairs. Longitudinal studies and multicenter randomized clinical trials have confirmed that regular hand cycling training has a positive influence on aerobic physical capacity and muscle strength, without reported shoulder pain [63][64][65].…”