The Effects of Fuel Properties and Oxygenates on Diesel Exhaust Emissions

Tsurutani, Kazushi; Takei, Yasunori; Fujimoto, Yoshio; Matsudaira, Junichi; Kumamoto, Mitsuhiro

doi:10.4271/952349

Cited by 71 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The Glymes family of chemicals have been observed to be less effective than the maleates family in reducing PM [27], while other studies indicate no differences in PM levels with different structured oxygenates [4,5].…”

Section: Oxygenated Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Table 7. 5 Absolute SMPS number and volume concentration totals, peak magnitudes, and peak magnitude diameters, for different base fuels neat and containing the oxygenate Diglyme. Table 7.…”

Section: Pagementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent publications indicate that modest amounts of molecular oxygen in the fuel substantially reduce particulates [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Some oxygenates also offer secondary benefits as well, such as increasing the cetane number (CN) and reducing sulfur content [49].…”

Section: Oxygenated Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Oxygenated Fuels on DI Diesel Combustion and Emissions

Hallgren

Heywood

2001

SAE Technical Paper Series

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Emissions from compression ignition (CI) engines are being placed under stricter regulations. The use of oxygenated fuels has been proposed as a means of complying with future emission levels. Previous research on oxygenates has suggested the presence of molecular oxygen within the fuel significantly reduces the formation of particulate matter (PM). The PM reduction is logarithmic and correlates with the weight percent of oxygen in the fuel and not with other properties such as chemical structure and volatility. However, many studies fail to correctly decouple the effects of oxygenates from other fuel properties that impact emission levels; such as cetane number, density, aromatic content, and volatility.Mechanisms responsible for changes in the combustion process and emissions were investigated with a matrix containing 14 fuels, addressing oxygenate proportionality, structure, volatility, equivalent structure without oxygen, and changes in the base diesel fuel. A scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) was used to evaluate changes in particle size distributions, in addition to gravimetric filter and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) measurements.Engine emissions tests were conducted using a Ricardo Hydra MK IV direct injection (DI) diesel engine. The sensitivity of engine operation parameters to intake temperature, load, injection timing, and ignition delay (ID) were evaluated with the baseline fuel. All fuels in the matrix were matched for total released energy and combustion phasing, using a cetane improving additive. The changes in emission have been quantified with agreement between the relative trends observed with the integrated SMPS volume concentrations and filter measurements. In order to evaluate changes among fuels and measurements taken with the SMPS, various fuels were subjected to physical and chemical characterization in order to determine morphological and compositional changes.

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Section: Oxygenated Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pagementioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Oxygenated Fuels on DI Diesel Combustion and Emissions

Hallgren

Heywood

2001

SAE Technical Paper Series

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“…The effects of the side chains of aromatic molecules are complex in that increasing the length of a side chain tends to reduce the sooting tendency, whereas increasing the number of side chains generally leads to an increase in the sooting tendency. 95 Most studies concerning the effects of fuel aromatic and cyclic compounds on diesel engine combustion have reported an increase in PM emissions with increasing content of either variety of molecule 62,[96][97][98][99] and, in some instances, a correlation between the engine exhaust emissions and the diffusion flame sooting tendency was observed. [97][98][99] For example, Bryce et al 97 and Tsurutani et al 99 added increasing amounts of aromatic additives to a base fossil diesel fuel in tests undertaken on indirect-injection diesel engines and found that an increase in the aromatic content significantly increased the exhaust emissions of PM, with Tsurutani et al 99 identifying that the exhaust emissions of PM increased in the following order: monoaromatics \ diaromatics \ triaromatics.…”

Section: Particulate Mattermentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of the effects of fuel molecular structure on the combustion and emissions characteristics of compression ignition engines

Hellier

Talibi

Eveleigh

et al. 2017

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D:

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Future fuels for compression ignition engines will be required both to reduce the anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions from fossil sources and to contribute to the reductions in the exhaust levels of pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. Via various processes of biological, chemical and physical conversion, feedstocks such as lignocellulosic biomass and photosynthetic micro-organisms will yield a wide variety of potential fuel molecules. Furthermore, modification of the production processes may allow the targeted manufacture of fuels of specific molecular structure. This paper therefore presents an overview of the effects of fuel molecular structure on the combustion and emissions characteristics of compression ignition engines, highlighting in particular the submolecular features common to a variety of potential fuels. An increase in the straight-chain length of the alkyl moiety reduces the duration of ignition delay, and the introduction of double bonds or branching to an alkyl moiety both increase ignition delay. The movement of a double bond towards the centre of an alkyl chain, or the addition of oxygen to a molecule, can both increase and decrease the duration of ignition delay dependent on the overall fuel structure. Nitrogen oxide emissions are primarily influenced by the duration of fuel ignition delay, but in the case of hydrogen and methane pilot-ignited premixed combustion arise only at flame temperatures sufficiently high for thermal production. An increase in aromatic ring number and physical properties such as the fuel boiling point increase particulate matter emissions at constant combustion phasing.

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“…Because of the problems related to the air polluting emissions caused by the use of current hydrocarbon-based diesel fuels, many efforts have been made to use instead oxygenate molecules that would lead to significant reductions in particulate emissions while improving the autoignition properties in diesel engines [1][2][3][4].…”

Section: Introduction Umentioning

confidence: 99%

Theoretical study of ignition reactions of linear symmetrical monoethers as potential diesel fuel additives: DFT calculations

Marrouni

Abou‐Rachid

Kaliaguine

2007

Int J of Quantum Chemistry

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This work investigates the chemical reactivity of four linear symmetrical monoethers with molecular oxygen. Such oxygenated compounds may be considered as potential diesel fuel additives in order to reduce the ignition delay in diesel fuel engines. For this purpose, a kinetic study is proposed to clarify the relation between the molecular structure of the fuel molecule and its ignition properties. To this end, DFT calculations were performed for these reactions using B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) and BH&HLYP/6-311G(d,p) to determine structures, energies, and vibrational frequencies of stationary points as well as activated complexes involved in each gas-phase combustion initiation reaction of the monoethers CH 3 OCH 3 , C 2 H 5 OC 2 H 5 , C 3 H 7 OC 3 H 7 , or C 4 H 9 OC 4 H 9 with molecular oxygen. This theoretical kinetic study was carried out using electronic structure results and the transition state theory, to assess the rate constants for all studied combustion reactions. As it has been shown in our previous work [AbouRachid et al., J Mol Struct (Theochem) 2003, 621, 293], the cetane number (CN) of a pure organic molecule depends on the initiation rate of its homogeneous gas-phase reaction with molecular oxygen. Indeed, the calculated initiation rate constants of the Habstraction process of linear monoethers with O 2 show a very good correlation with experimental CN data of these pure compounds at T ϭ 1,000 K. This temperature is representative of the operating conditions of a diesel fuel engine.

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The Effects of Fuel Properties and Oxygenates on Diesel Exhaust Emissions

Cited by 71 publications

References 14 publications

Effects of Oxygenated Fuels on DI Diesel Combustion and Emissions

Effects of Oxygenated Fuels on DI Diesel Combustion and Emissions

An overview of the effects of fuel molecular structure on the combustion and emissions characteristics of compression ignition engines

Theoretical study of ignition reactions of linear symmetrical monoethers as potential diesel fuel additives: DFT calculations

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