The Effects of Estrogen in Ischemic Stroke

Koellhoffer, Edward C.; McCullough, Louise D.

doi:10.1007/s12975-012-0230-5

Cited by 161 publications

(129 citation statements)

References 150 publications

(154 reference statements)

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“…identified an independent association of endogenous estradiol levels with stroke severity and short-term mortality and outcome [41]. In recent years, attention is drawn to estrogen in the context of its proinflammatory role and its interaction with aging [42].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stroke Risk Factors, Course and Long-Term Functional Outcome of First-Ever Stroke in Women

Lasek–Bal¹,

Szymszal²,

Kazibutowska³

2014

Open Access Maced J Med Sci

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stroke Risk Factors, Course and Long-Term Functional Outcome of First-Ever Stroke in Women

Lasek–Bal¹,

Szymszal²,

Kazibutowska³

2014

Open Access Maced J Med Sci

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“…Menurut Koelhoffer (2013), risiko stroke meningkat seiring dengan bertambahnya usia. Hal ini dapat disebabkan adanya proses penuaan, dimana seluruh organ tubuh mengalami proses kemunduran fungsi, terutama pada pembuluh darah otak.…”

Section: Metodeunclassified

Perbedaan Kadar Kolesterol Total Antara Penderita Stroke Iskemik Dan Stroke Hemoragik

Aini¹,

Pujarini²,

Nirlawati³

2017

Biomedika

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“…Sex Difference: It is well known that pre-menopausal women have a lower incidence of stroke compared with men throughout most of the lifespan which has been ascribed to protective effects of gonadal steroids, most notably estrogen (26). The ovarian hormone 17β-estradiol (E2) exerts profound neuroprotective actions against brain damage induced by global and focal ishemia in rodent models of ischemia (22).…”

Section: █ Discrepanciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Searching evidences of stroke in animal models: a review of discrepancies

Kaya

Erdoğan²,

Taşdemiroğlu³

2016

Turkish Neurosurgery

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ABSTRACTcan be replaced with ketone bodies. In total starvation such as global cerebral ischemia, the brain's limited reserves of glycogen and glucose are barely able to fuel normal brain activity up to 5 minutes. It is reported that the energy stores of the brain are equivalent to 20 cl/100 gr (39). In a healthy person, cerebral blood flow (CBF) is autoregulated at 45-50 ml/100gr/min with a mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) of 60-130 mm/Hg (Figure 1). In the cerebral ischemia model, the investigators try to reduce the oxygen and glucose supply of cerebral tissue. This process produces ischemic brain injury via a variety of cellular and molecular mechanisms.There are three major types of ischemic stroke models: global, focal and lacunar. The global ischemic model is produced by occlusion of four (both vertebral and carotid arteries) or two vessels (either both carotid or vertebral arteries) with or without concomittant hypotension during ischemia period (38). In this model, global blood flow is ceased completely, which resembles the condition of cardiac arrest or coronary █ LITERATuRE REvIEw METhODS O ur review method was based on articles dealing with the relations between animal models and clinical trials. By performing a PubMed search, we aimed to identify all relevant papers to call attention to the discrepancy between experimental methodology in animal modeling and clinical experiences. Articles that were referenced by reviewed articles were also evaluated. Data from papers were extracted within the following categories: study design, type of study population, sampling strategy. Articles excluded from the review were studies that were describing surgical techniques, experimental design and methodology. █ An OvERvIEw Of STROkE MODELSThe human adult brain consumes about 8 cal/100 gr/min energy. Normally, almost 100% of glucose is metabolised, but if starved this increases up to 30%, and glucose consumption So far, animal models have helped us better understand the pathophysiology of the ischemic brain damage but they could not contribute so much to clinical practice. The discrepancies in results regarding neuroprotective agents in animal experiments compared to clinical trials have not been solved. Various animal models of ischemic stroke have proven efficacy of many neuroprotective agents without any considerable result in phase III clinical trials.As is well known, stroke-related focal cerebral ischemia or cardiac arrest related global cerebral ischemia are major causes of disability and death among human subjects. Animal models are essential to evaluate the therapeutic approaches for humans.In this review, we will try to answer two important questions: 1) Which factors endanger the reliability of experimental studies of stroke on animal models? 2) How can we design our experiments to reflect the neurorestoration and/or neuroprotection mechanisms following ischemic injury, when it comes to human disease?

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The Effects of Estrogen in Ischemic Stroke

Cited by 161 publications

References 150 publications

Stroke Risk Factors, Course and Long-Term Functional Outcome of First-Ever Stroke in Women

Stroke Risk Factors, Course and Long-Term Functional Outcome of First-Ever Stroke in Women

Perbedaan Kadar Kolesterol Total Antara Penderita Stroke Iskemik Dan Stroke Hemoragik

Searching evidences of stroke in animal models: a review of discrepancies

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