“…As Klein et al (1998) published their seminal study, the effect of consumer animosity on foreign product purchases has been thoroughly documented in the literature (Abraham and Reitman, 2018;Amine et al, 2005;De Nisco et al, 2020;Funk et al, 2010;Gineikiene and Diamantopoulos, 2017;Grappi et al, 2020;Han et al, 2020;Han, 2017;Heinberg, 2017;Khan et al, 2019;Klein, 2002;Lee et al, 2020;Lee et al, 2017;Leong et al, 2008;Lin and Bruning, 2020;Papadopoulos et al, 2017;Riefler and Diamantopoulos, 2007;Russell and Russell, 2006). The central rationale of consumer animosity research is that consumers resist purchasing foreign goods because their hostile attitudes toward a particular country exceed their product quality judgments (Klein, 2002;Klein et al, 1998).…”