The Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Serum Levels of HDL Cholesterol and HDL Apolipoprotein A-I. Findings of a prospective epidemiological study on employees of several companies in Westphalia, West Germany

Abstract

Summary:In preventive studies of Company employees in Westphalia, HDL cholesterol was measured in the sera of 4933 men and 2365 women, äs well äs HDL apolipoprotein A-I in the sera of 3509 men and 1648 women. Three subgroups were compared: non-smokers = persons who have never smoked; ex-smokers = persons who do not smoke ät present but did in the past; smokers = persons who sinoke cigarettes at present. Mean values for HDL cholesterol and for HDL apolipoprotein A-I were significantly lower in smokers than in non-smokers or in ex-smokers, while there were no differences between the last two groups. These differences appeared in both sexes but were more pronounced in women than in men. To answer the question whether the observed differences are caused by the consumption of cigarettes by itself or whether they are caused by the presence of othef risk factors, further subgroups were compared to assess the influence of the risk factors obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, hyperglycaemia and hyperuricaemia. It was found that -regardless of the presence of no, one, two or more risk factors -the frequency of probands with low HDL cholesterpl values (<0.907 mmöl/1 (men); < 1.166 mmol/1 (women)) was about 10% higher in smokers than in non-smokers or ex-smokers. Subgroups based on the number of risk factors did not exhibit the same clear distribution for apolipoprotein A-I values äs were seen for HDL cholesterol. The results are interpreted in the light of the existing literature. Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Konzentration von HDL-Cholesterin und HDL-Apolipoprotein A-I im Blutserum -Ergebnisse der prospektiven epidemiologischen Studie bei Betriebsangehörigen in Westfalen

Self-rated health showed a consistent association with serum HDL-cholesterol in the cross-sectional Oslo Health Study

“…An inverse relationship between HDL-C and smoking 16 and positive association between HDL-C and alcohol intake 17 have been well established, and the present data are in accordance with earlier reports. However, introducing smoking and alcohol intake into the logistic regression model had only a modest effect, suggesting only a minor influence on the positive association between SRH and HDL-C.…”

Smoking and apolipoprotein levels: A meta-analysis of published data

“…1 . For the analyses of smoking status and its association to apolipoprotein levels, a total of 66 publications that assessed the effect of smoking status on any of the following parameters were identified: 39 studies on apolipoprotein AI [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] , [46] , [47] , [48] , [49] , [50] , [51] , [52] , [53] , [54] , [55] , [56] , [57] , [58] , [59] , [60] , [61] , ten studies on apolipoprotein AII [23] , [24] , [26] , [32] , [34] , [36] , [43] , [47] , [53] , [55] , 40 studies on apolipoprotein B [23] , [24] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [32] , [34] , [35] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] ...…”

“…The pooled mean levels of apolipoprotein AI were 1.48 ± 0.009 g/L in smokers and 1.54 ± 0.007 g/L in nonsmokers. The meta-analysis for apolipoprotein AI levels between smokers and nonsmokers was performed using data from 39 studies including 59 estimates [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] , [46] , [47] , [48] , [49] , [50] , [51] , [52] , [53] , [54] , [55] , [56] , [57] , [58] , [59] , [60] , [61] . The fixed-effects model mean difference was − 0.038 (95% CI: −0.041, −0.035 g/L, I 2 =90%).…”

Association Between Smoking and Lipid Profile in Men Aged 35 to 70 Years: Dose–Response Analysis

“…Smoking can affect HDL-cholesterol levels and function through various mechanisms, such as altering lipid transport enzymes, causing oxidative modifications, and reducing HDL-cholesterol levels ( Assmann et al, 1984 ). In summary, smoking-induced changes in cholesterol metabolism involve alterations in lipid transport enzymes, oxidative modifications of lipoproteins, and changes in serum cholesterol levels.…”