The effects of chronic exposure to traffic derived air pollution on the ocular surface

Novaes, Priscila; Saldiva, Paulo Hilário Nascimento; Matsuda, Monique; Macchione, Mariângela; Rangel, Maristela Peres; Kara‐José, Newton; Berra, Alejandro

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2010.03.003

Cited by 125 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…EDED identification stems from controlled observations about pollution-induced ocular alterations, such as blinking rate, tear film break up time (TFBUT), and corneal epithelia damage (38,39) . Tear film instability is a consistent finding in studies that showed an association between air pollution and ocular surface damage (37,(40)(41)(42) . Such an effect compromises the corneal epithelial barrier function resulting in corneal and conjunctival epithelial chronic injury and in flammation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 49%

“…The same research group analyzed 55 cases of NO 2 exposure and found that there is a dose-response relationship between incidence of symptoms and higher prevalence of meibomian gland dysfunction. However, there was a weak negative association with TFBUT and no correlation with ST values (41) . Recently another study demonstrated that exposure to high levels of air pollutants canlead to eyelid margin alterations (64) .…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Dry Eye Related To Environmental Factorsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…It comprises a filter paper in a small chamber attached to a belt or other piece of clothing ( Figure 4). Air pollutants deposited on filters after different times were eluted and measured (41) . In this direction, a better understanding of EDED inducing factors and underlying mechanisms can be achieved.…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Dry Eye Related To Environmental Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Is dry eye an environmental disease?

Alves¹,

Novaes²,

Morraye³

et al. 2014

Arquivos Brasileiros De Oftalmologia

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Previous studies have revealed that eye contact with either air pollutants or adverse indoor and/or outdoor environmental conditions can affect tear film composition and ocular surface components. These effects are mediated by selective binding of the environmental agents to ocular surface membrane receptors, leading to activation of pro inflammatory signaling pathways. The aim of the current review was to examine the published evidence associated with environmental factors and ocular surface disease and dry eye. Specifically, the reader will appreciate why it is possible to refer to them as mediators of Environmental Dry Eye Disease (EDED), a singular clinical entity inside DED context, directly caused by pollutants and/ or adverse climatic conditions. The indicators and clinical findings are described along with EDE differential diagnosis in its acute and the chronic phases. Based on strong existing evidence of clinical reports and epidemiological observations regarding DED and environmental factors we conclude that there is a straight cause-and-effect relationship between ambient stresses and DED. International standards and web-based tools are described for monitoring worldwide environmental conditions referring localities and populations susceptible to EDED. This information is beneficial to health providers to pinpoint the individuals and predisposed groups afflicted with DED. Such insights may not only improve the understanding and treatment of DED but also help to identify the contributing factors and lower the frequency and progression of EDED. of DED has been studied and confirmed in animal models of human DED (13)(14)(15) . KeywordsAs indicated, a healthy and pain-free ocular surface depends on identifying and eliminating factors that cause ambient humidity, airflow and purity, and temperature to intolerable levels. Such an undertaking is needed to preserve tear film qualities commensurate with ocular surface health. This is essential to sustain sufficient corneal refractive power, visual acuity, and ocular comfort (5,16,17) . A desiccating environment can lead to increase in tear film evaporation and/or decline in its turn over and clearance. These initial events lead to exposure of the ocular surface to hazardous environmental elements that trigger or exacerbate EDED symptoms. Clinical findings have shown that increased numbers of people are affected by EDED because of exposure to environmental factors ( Figure 2).Our purpose herein is to provide a critical appraisal of the clinical and epidemiological evidence indicating that DED is influenced by environmental factors. Secondly, we delineate EDED as a single clinical entity with a unique set of symptoms and clinical findings different from that of either DED or other diseases, such as Sjögren's syndrome, diabetes mellitus or drug induced, allergic conjunctivitis, toxic or irritative conjunctivitis, and actinic keratitis. Moreover, we will describe standard tools used to monitor environmental conditions and discuss their relevance in EDED ep...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 49%

Section: Epidemiology Of Dry Eye Related To Environmental Factorsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Epidemiology Of Dry Eye Related To Environmental Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Is dry eye an environmental disease?

Alves¹,

Novaes²,

Morraye³

et al. 2014

Arquivos Brasileiros De Oftalmologia

Self Cite

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show abstract

“…In addition, particulate matter may transport infectious agents from the environment directly into the eye [67]. Temporal associations between air pollutants and disruptions in homeostasis of the eye's tear film, ocular mucosa, ocular surface, and eyelid margins were reported in many publications [30,36,39,[48][49][50][68][69][70]. Arguably, patients with chronic tear film instability are more susceptible to bacterial infections; it is unclear if the acute impact from air pollution also increases this risk [71,72].…”

Section: Ijomeh 2016;29(3)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The conjunctiva is continuously bathed in a tear film, which acts as both a lubricant for eye movement and a protective barrier to dilute and remove harmful environmental impurities. Higher levels of ambient air pollution have been correlated with adverse effects on the tear film, ocular mucosa, ocular surface, and eyelid margins [30,36,39,[48][49][50]. Several population studies have examined the associations between air pollution levels and ED visits for eye diseases [17, 21,23,24].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Air pollution and emergency department visits for conjunctivitis: A case-crossover study

Szyszkowicz

Kousha

Castner

2016

Int J Occup Med Environ Health

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Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between emergency department (ED) visits for conjunctivitis and ambient air pollution levels in urban regions across the province of Ontario, Canada. Material and Methods: Information from the National Ambulatory Care Reporting System was used to create time-series records, for the period of April 2004 to December 2011, on emergency department visits of patients suffering from conjunctivitis. A total of 77 439 emergency department visits for conjunctivitis were analyzed. A time-stratified case-crossover design was applied, completed with meta-analysis in order to pool inter-city results. Odds ratio (OR) for an emergency department visit was calculated in different population strata per one-unit increase (one interquartile range -IQR increase in a pollutant's daily level) while controlling for the impacts of temperature and relative humidity. Results: Statistically significant positive results were observed in the female population sample, for nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) exposure lagged 5-8 days, with the highest result for the 7-day lag (OR = 1.035, 95% CI: 1.018-1.052) and for fine particulate matter with a median aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ), for lags 6 and 7 days, with the highest result for lag 7 (OR = 1.017, 95% CI: 1.003-1.031). In the male population sample, statistically significant positive results were observed for NO 2 at lag 5 days (OR = 1.024, 95% CI: 1.004-1.045) and for ozone (O 3 ), at lags 0-3 and 7 days, with the highest result for lag 0 (OR = 1.038, 95% CI: 1.012-1.056). Also for males, statistically significant results were observed in the case of PM 2.5 exposure lagged by 5 days (OR = 1.003, 95% CI: 1.000-1.038) and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) exposure lagged by 1 and 2 days (OR = 1.016, 95% CI: 1.000-1.031 and OR = 1.018, 95% CI: 1.002-1.033). Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that there are associations between levels of air pollution and ED visits for conjunctivitis, with different temporal trends and strength of association by age, sex, and season. include blurred vision, sensitivity to light, pain, foreign body sensations, itching, burning, discharges, and inability to tolerate contact lenses [40]. The conjunctiva is continuously bathed in a tear film, which acts as both a lubricant for eye movement and a protective barrier to dilute and remove harmful environmental impurities. Higher levels of ambient air pollution have been correlated with adverse effects on the tear film, ocular mucosa, ocular surface, and eyelid margins [30,36,39,[48][49][50]. Several population studies have examined the associations between air pollution levels and ED visits for eye diseases [17,21,23,24]. To our knowledge, no multi-city studies have investigated this link for cities in North America. Filling this gap in the epidemiologic literature is important; multi-city studies are known to give more reliable results, less liable to biases in comparison to studies concerned with individual urban centers [51...

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Squalene and Skin Barrier Function: From Molecular Target to Biomarker of Environmental Exposure

Boussouira

Pham

2016

Skin Stress Response Pathways

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The effects of chronic exposure to traffic derived air pollution on the ocular surface

Cited by 125 publications

References 17 publications

Is dry eye an environmental disease?

Is dry eye an environmental disease?

Air pollution and emergency department visits for conjunctivitis: A case-crossover study

Squalene and Skin Barrier Function: From Molecular Target to Biomarker of Environmental Exposure

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