The effects of chronic cervical lymphostasis on regions drained by lymphatics and by prelymphatics

Abstract

Chronic cervical lymphostasis was induced in cats. The effects in regions directly drained by lymphatics (facial skin and retrobulbar tissue), and in regions primarily drained by prelymphatics (cerebral cortex, retina, papilla, iris, choroid and Circle of Willis) were studied ophthalmoscopically and electron microscopically. It was found that in all regions there was considerable oedema, increases in protein concentration and excess collagen, together with increased numbers of macrophages. The lymphatics, where these existed, had many open junctions: both these vessels and the prelymphatics were very dilated, with considerable increases in protein concentration.

Orbital lymphatics: do they exist?

“…A second approach involved ligation of known lymphatics close to the orbit. 4,9 These studies likewise suggest orbital lymphatic drainage, but again did not specifically locate orbital lymphatics. In the last decade or so, other techniques using scanning and transmission electron microscopy have been used to improve the identification of lymphatics using morphological criteria.…”

Dilated Virchow-Robin Spaces in Myotonic Dystrophy: Frequency, Extent and Significance

“…This hypothesis stemmed from animal studies demonstrating the drainage of interstitial fluid along the VRSs into subarachnoid spaces and then to lymphatic pathways up to cervical lymph nodes [25, 36]. The lymphatic pathways include the nasal lymphatics (reached through the cribiform plate) and likely the lymphatics along the cranial nerves and internal carotid arteries [25, 36]; the block of cervical lymphatic drainage produces a distension of VRSs by protein-rich fluid and brain edema [37]. Adachi et al [38]noted that the dilatation of VRSs, rather than being uniform throughout the length of the accompanying arteriole, was confined to a fixed level.…”

Synthesis and biological evaluation of new benzo[f]furo[2,3‐h]‐and benzo[f]pyrano[2,3‐h]coumarin derivatives.

“…Coumarin derivatives were shown to be capable of reducing tissue swelling due to several stimuli. They reduce edema in rodents caused by thermal damage [5]6and they are effective against other lymphoedemas [6], macrophage activation and proteolysis due to released lysosomal enzymes [7,8]. They possess anti-inflammatory and smooth muscle relaxing properties and can be used for edema therapy [5,9].…”

“…They reduce edema in rodents caused by thermal damage [5]6and they are effective against other lymphoedemas [6], macrophage activation and proteolysis due to released lysosomal enzymes [7,8]. They possess anti-inflammatory and smooth muscle relaxing properties and can be used for edema therapy [5,9]. Many of them have special ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS)-free radicals, such as hydroxyl radicals, superoxide radicals or hypochlorous acid and to influence processes involving free radical-injury [10,11].…”