Orbital lymphatics: do they exist?

Dickinson, A J; Gausas, Roberta E.

doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6702378

Cited by 61 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…These lesions probably originated in lacrimal gland because this structure is the only orbital structure containing lymphatic vessels. The orbit and its content are considered an extralymphatic site that does not contain lymphatic vessels per se (Dickinson & Gausas 2006). The overall survival rate for the entire study group at 10-and 20 years was 59% and 13% suggesting a relatively good prognosis for the majority of patients, in accordance with recent extranodal series (Weinberg et al 2009;Pugh et al 2010).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Follicular lymphoma of the ocular adnexal region: A nation‐based study

Rasmussen

Ralfkiær

Prause

et al. 2014

Acta Ophthalmologica

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ABSTRACT.Purpose: To characterize the clinicopathological features of follicular lymphoma of the ocular adnexal region. Methods: Retrospective nation-based study of Danish patients with ocular adnexal follicular lymphoma from January 1st 1980 through December 31st 2009. Results: Twenty-four patients with ocular adnexal follicular lymphoma were identified. Fourteen (58%) of the patients were females. The median age was 63 years (range: 42-96 years). Eleven (46%) of the patients had primary ocular adnexal lymphoma, seven (29%) had an ocular adnexal lesion in conjunction with a concurrent systemic lymphoma and six patients (25%) presented with an ocular adnexal relapse. The most frequently affected sites were the lacrimal gland (38%) and the orbit (33%). Thirteen patients (54%) presented with Ann Arbor stage IE lymphoma, four (17%) had stage IIE, two patients (8%) stage IIIE, and five patients (21%) had stage IV lymphoma. Radiotherapy was primarily used in patients with primary lymphoma and those with a stage IE/IIE relapse (82%), while stage IIIE/IV lymphomas most frequently received alkylating chemotherapy (67%). Complete remission was observed in 19 of the patients (79%), but of these 11(58%) had a relapse. The 10-year overall survival for the entire cohort was 59%. The translocation t(14;18) was detected in 16 patients (16/24, 76%). Recurrence was only observed in patients with the t(14;18) (p = 0.05, log-rank). Conclusions: Ocular adnexal follicular lymphoma is more commonly found in elderly female patients. The lacrimal gland is relatively frequently involved. Radiotherapy is the treatment of choice for localized ocular adnexal follicular lymphoma providing a favourable prognosis for majority of patients.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Follicular lymphoma of the ocular adnexal region: A nation‐based study

Rasmussen

Ralfkiær

Prause

et al. 2014

Acta Ophthalmologica

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“…These remarkable similarities between lymphatic vessels and SC have called into question the longstanding dogma that the eye lacks lymphatic vessels (6). Fortunately, over the past 15 years, there has been outstanding progress toward the identification of lymphatic-specific markers and the development of sophisticated genetic tools, collectively enabling broader knowledge of the lymphatic system in development and disease (7).…”

Section: Lymphatics In the Eye?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Schlemm’s canal: more than meets the eye, lymphatics in disguise

Karpinich¹,

Caron

2014

J. Clin. Invest.

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“…Given that lymphatic vessels exist in the stroma under the bulbar conjunctiva (17)(18)(19)(20), we chose to examine the feasibility of imaging and targeting intracellular mRNA using our novel contrast agent and MRI after administering the probe via an ophthalmic route of delivery (OTRD). We selected an MR probe targeting the mRNA of β-actin for the distribution assay because its transcripts are not drastically altered immediately after brain injury.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We waited for 8 weeks after injury so as to avoid detecting reactive gliosis or enhanced macrophages at the injured site, which may elevate R2*. We made a short DNA sequence complementary to GFAP mRNA of the mouse (17)(18)(19)(20) and delivered the MR probe (SPIONgfap) in an eyedrop solution via the eyelid and bulbar conjunctiva. R2* maps 1 day after OTRD of SPION-gfap revealed regions with hyperintense R2* at the injury site in all three animals (arrows, Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Others have reported that the lymphatic system assists the circulation of peritoneal fluid (15) and preferentially retains superpara-magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) (16). Lymphatic vessels are present in the eyelid and bulbar conjunctiva (17)(18)(19)(20), and the lymphatic fluids eventually merge with circulating blood in the vena cava for redistribution in the arterial vessels. Given that MR contrast agent can be delivered to the brain cells via arterial injection when the BBB is disrupted (21), we hypothesize that an MR probe can be distributed via the lymphatic system, either by intraperitoneal (i.p.)…”

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confidence: 99%

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Noninvasive delivery of gene targeting probes to live brains for transcription MRI

Liu

You²,

Ren³

et al. 2007

FASEB j.

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We aimed to test the feasibility of detecting gliosis in living brains when the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is disrupted. We designed a novel magnetic resonance (MR) probe that contains superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION, a T2 susceptibility contrast agent) linked to a short DNA sequence complementary to the cerebral mRNA of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) found in glia and astrocytes. As a control, we also used a sequence complementary to the mRNA of β-actin. Our objectives are to demonstrate that this new probe, SPION-gfap, could be delivered to the brain when administered by eyedrop solution to the conjunctival sac. We induced BBB leakage by puncture wound, global cerebral ischemia, and cortical spreading depression in C57BL6 mice; 1 day after probe delivery we acquired T2* MR images and R2* (R2*=1/T2*) maps using a transcription MRI technique in live mice. We found that the SPION-gfap probe reported foci with elevated signal in subtraction R2* maps and that these foci matched areas identified as having extensive glial network (gliosis) in postmortem immunohistochemistry. Similarly, animals administered the control probe exhibited foci of R2* elevation that matched β-actin-expressing endothelia in the vascular wall. We conclude that our modular MR probe, delivered in an eyedrop solution, effectively reports gliosis associated with acute neurological disorders in living animals. As BBB leakage is often observed in acute neurological disorders, this study also served to validate noninvasive delivery of MR probes to the brains of live animals after acute neurological disorders. Keywordsangiogenesis; antisense technology; blood-brain barrier; bulbar conjunctiva; gene expression; molecular imaging 1Correspondence: 149 Thirteenth St., Rm. 2410, Charles-town, MA 02129, USA. E-mail: philipl@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu. Note added in proof:We now have performed BBB leakage determination in mice using Evans blue extravasation (n=8) or Gd-MRI at 1 (n=6), 7 (n=10), and 24 (n=2) h after GCI of 60 min. We found BBB leakage in 4 mice, or 22%, within the first day of GCI. All mice that showed hyperintense DWI (with significant ADC drop) 1 day after GCI in the striatum developed striatal BBB leakage. Gliosis, the outgrowth of a fibrous network of glia in the central nervous system (CNS), is a permanent feature of many human neurological disorders and is especially prevalent in glioma, multiple sclerosis, viral encephalitis, traumatic brain injury, stroke, and cardiac arrest (1-5). Detection of gliosis or cells of abnormal growth has traditionally involved immunohistochemistry methods to detect elevated antigen of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels in postmortem tissue samples (6-8). However, brain biopsy to acquire tissue for these conventional assays is by itself invasive, and the procedure often results in the removal of important tissue. NIH Public AccessMRI is a powerful and noninvasive tool for in vivo imaging of soft tissue (9-12) but is somewhat limited by the unavailability of suitable p...

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Orbital lymphatics: do they exist?

Cited by 61 publications

References 17 publications

Follicular lymphoma of the ocular adnexal region: A nation‐based study

Follicular lymphoma of the ocular adnexal region: A nation‐based study

Schlemm’s canal: more than meets the eye, lymphatics in disguise

Noninvasive delivery of gene targeting probes to live brains for transcription MRI

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