The Effects of Age, Period, and Cohort on the Mortality of Cervical Cancer in Three High-Income Countries: Canada, Korea, and Italy

Abstract

Background. As the second most common gynecologic cancer worldwide, cervical cancer has led to morbidity and mortality in thousands of women. Our study is aimed at comparing the long-term trends of mortality rates for cervical cancer in three high-income countries—Canada, Korea, and Italy—and analyzing the detached effects of chronological age, time period, and birth cohort by age-period-cohort (APC) analysis. Methods. Joinpoint regression was used in this study, and the age-period-cohort model combined with the intrinsic estimator method was also applied to estimate the detached effect of each age, time period, and birth cohort on cervical cancer mortality. Results. For the overall trends of ASMRs for cervical cancer, the rates for Canada and Italy generally decreased during the whole observation periods while the rate for Korea exhibited a significant increase from 1986 to 2003. The APC analysis suggested that the cancer mortality risks consistently increased with age in the age groups including women aged 20 to 50 years in all areas. The period effect exhibited a general upward trend for both Korea and Italy, while a decreased trend was observed for Canada during the whole observation period. The mortality risk generally decreased with birth cohort, except there was a slight increase for younger generations in the three countries. Conclusions. Our study shows that the overall decrease in the cohort effect may have contributed to the reduced mortality rate for Italy and Canada, and the increased period effects and cohort effect in younger generations may have led to the increase in cancer mortality rate for Korea.

Trends in Incidence Rates, Mortality Rates, and Age-Period-Cohort Effects of Cervical Cancer — China, 2003–2017

“…In urban areas, the peak age group for the incidence rate rose by one age group each 5 The trends in all areas were similar to those in urban areas (Figure 2B).…”

“…Shift in trends. Wang et al ( 6 ) showed that the incident rates of cervical cancer were highest in younger populations in Italy and Korea. Similar trends were also observed in China whereby Wei et al ( 7 ) found that the mortality rate of cervical cancer increased in young females aged 25–54 from 1987 to 2015 in urban China, which was different from the results in our study.…”

The Three-Year Survival Rate of Cervical Cancer Patients at Referral Hospital in Southern Sumatra, Indonesia

“…It showed that cervical cancer mortality rates increased with age. Even though, the period effect may be the critical factor affecting cervical cancer mortality trends, it was needed the immediate implementation of screening and effective treatment (Wang, Bai, Gao, Zhang, & Wang, 2021). The time recommended for starting the cervical cancer screening was 30 with a repetition of every five years and continuing until 69 (Khodakarami, Farzaneh, Yavari, & Akbari, 2016).…”

Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2T promotes tumor stem cell characteristics and migration of cervical cancer cells by regulating the GRP78/FAK pathway

“…Cervical cancer ranks as the fourth leading cause of malignance-related mortality in women worldwide and the third most common cancer [ 1 , 2 ]. Although the widespread implementation of screening programs has reduced morbidity and mortality of cervical cancer in recent years, it remains a major public health problem, particularly in advanced cases [ 3 ]. Recent advancements in therapeutic strategies, such as chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy, have improved patients’ survival rate with primary cervical carcinoma [ 4 ].…”