The Effects and Mechanisms of Cyanidin-3-Glucoside and Its Phenolic Metabolites in Maintaining Intestinal Integrity

Tan, Jijun; Li, Yanli; Hou, De‐Xing; Wu, Shusong

doi:10.3390/antiox8100479

Cited by 92 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 110 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Our previous study revealed that cyanidin 3-glucoside could attenuate inflammation by regulating gut microbiota [5]. As the primary metabolites of cyanidin 3-glucoside, PCA has a potential effect on the gut microbial community [9]. In the present study, dietary supplementation of Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 49%

“…Polyphenols possess multiple biological functions such as antimicrobial [5], antiinflammatory [6], antioxidant [7] and antiviral [8]. However, polyphenols are hard to be directly absorbed in the stomach or small intestine, and most of them are moved into the hindgut and further metabolized by microbiome [9,10], which suggests that the interaction between polyphenols (including their metabolites) and gut microbiota is critical to understanding the biological mechanisms of polyphenols. Protocatechuic acid (PCA, 3,4dihydroxybenzoic acid) is an active phenolic acid existing in many plants such as Chinese herb Duzhong (Eucommia ulmoides Oliver) [11], alpinia [12], and ilex [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, PCA is also considered as the major bioactive metabolite of polyphenols, especially anthocyanins [14]. Previous studies have reported that PCA possesses antioxidant [15], anti-inflammatory [16], antibacterial [17] and antiviral [18] effects and has the potential to attenuate intestinal injury [9,19]. Meanwhile, intestinal flora disturbance is reported to be associated with intestinal injury, inflammation, and impaired barrier function [20], and our previous study has indicated that polyphenols may exert beneficial biological functions by regulating the gut microbial community [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Dietary protocatechuic acid ameliorates inflammation and up-regulates intestinal tight junction proteins by modulating gut microbiota in LPS-challenged piglets

Liu

et al. 2020

J Animal Sci Biotechnol

Self Cite

119

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Weaning is one of the major factors that cause stress and intestinal disease in piglets. Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is an active plant phenolic acid which exists in Chinese herb, Duzhong (Eucommia ulmoides Oliver), and is also considered as the main bioactive metabolite of polyphenol against oxidative stress and inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the effect of PCA on growth performance, intestinal barrier function, and gut microbiota in a weaned piglet model challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods Thirty-six piglets (Pig Improvement Company line 337 × C48, 28 d of age, 8.87 kg ± 0.11 kg BW) were randomly allocated into 3 treatments and fed with a basal diet (CTL), a diet added 50 mg/kg of aureomycin (AUR), or a diet supplemented with 4000 mg/kg of PCA, respectively. The piglets were challenged with LPS (10 μg/kg BW) on d 14 and d 21 by intraperitoneal injection during the 21-d experiment. Animals (n = 6 from each group) were sacrificed after being anesthetized by sodium pentobarbital at 2 h after the last injection of LPS. The serum was collected for antioxidant indices and inflammatory cytokines analysis, the ileum was harvested for detecting mRNA and protein levels of tight junction proteins by PCR and immunohistochemical staining, and the cecum chyme was collected for intestinal flora analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results Dietary supplementation of PCA or AUR significantly increased the expression of tight junction proteins including ZO-1 and claudin-1 in intestinal mucosa, and decreased the serum levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and IL-6, as compared with CTL group. In addition, PCA also decreased the serum levels of IL-2 and TNF-α (P < 0.05). Analysis of gut microbiota indicated that PCA increased the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio (P < 0.05). Spearman’s correlation analysis at the genus level revealed that PCA reduced the relative abundance of Prevotella 9, Prevotella 2, Holdemanella, and Ruminococcus torques group (P < 0.05), and increased the relative abundance of Roseburia and Desulfovibrio (P < 0.05), whereas AUR had no significant effect on these bacteria. Conclusions These results demonstrated that both PCA and AUR had protective effect on oxidative stress, inflammation and intestinal barrier function in piglets challenged with LPS, and PCA potentially exerted the protective function by modulating intestinal flora in a way different from AUR. Holdemanella

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 49%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Dietary protocatechuic acid ameliorates inflammation and up-regulates intestinal tight junction proteins by modulating gut microbiota in LPS-challenged piglets

Liu

et al. 2020

J Animal Sci Biotechnol

Self Cite

119

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As an example, protocatechuic acid, phloroglucinaldehyde, vanillic acid, and ferulic acid are bioactive metabolites Generally, after the absorption step, phenolics undergo phase I and II metabolic transformation, and metabolites with improved bioactivity or completely inactive can be obtained. As an example, protocatechuic acid, phloroglucinaldehyde, vanillic acid, and ferulic acid are bioactive metabolites obtained by the catabolism of cyanidine-3-O-glucoside in the gastrointestinal tract that contribute to maintaining intestinal integrity and function [27]. Hence, the evaluation of polyphenol bioavailability should include not only the determination of native compounds, but also of metabolites thereof.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Phenolic Compounds and Bioaccessibility Thereof in Functional Pasta

Melini¹,

Melini²,

Acquistucci³

2020

Antioxidants

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Consumption of food products rich in phenolic compounds has been associated to reduced risk of chronic disease onset. Daily consumed cereal-based products, such as bread and pasta, are not carriers of phenolic compounds, since they are produced with refined flour or semolina. Novel formulations of pasta have been thus proposed, in order to obtain functional products contributing to the increase in phenolic compound dietary intake. This paper aims to review the strategies used so far to formulate functional pasta, both gluten-containing and gluten-free, and compare their effect on phenolic compound content, and bioaccessibility and bioavailability thereof. It emerged that whole grain, legume and composite flours are the main substituents of durum wheat semolina in the formulation of functional pasta. Plant by-products from industrial food wastes have been also used as functional ingredients. In addition, pre-processing technologies on raw materials such as sprouting, or the modulation of extrusion/extrusion-cooking conditions, are valuable approaches to increase phenolic content in pasta. Few studies on phenolic compound bioaccessibility and bioavailability in pasta have been performed so far; however, they contribute to evaluating the usefulness of strategies used in the formulation of functional pasta.

show abstract

“…In their review, Tan et al [25] analyzed the function and mechanisms of cyanidin-3-glucoside and its phenolic metabolites in maintaining intestinal integrity. Cyanidin-3-glucoside is an anthocyanin, naturally present in black rice, black bean, purple potato and many berries.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%