The Effects and Counter-Effects of Unemployment and Stringency Responses to COVID-19: An International Analysis Using Simultaneous Equations Models

Ang, Joshua Ping; Dong, Fang

doi:10.1080/00036846.2021.1975634

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Yet, they discover that the spread of the disease since the first case is not faster than the rate of spread in smaller towns or less-densely populated surrounding areas. Similar results are shown by Ang and Dong (2022) using cross-country data, where urbanization is related to increased infection cases. Liu et al (2021) consider the spread of COVID-19 within cities in China.…”

Section: Urbanization Ratesupporting

confidence: 83%

A dichotomy between democracy and personal freedom on the spread of COVID-19

Ang

Gao

Sparks

2022

IJSE

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PurposeThe authors analyze the effects of political freedom and personal freedom on the spread of COVID-19 in a cross-country study. The authors also investigate how income inequality, urbanization and previous experience with a similar respiratory epidemic/pandemic, such as SARS and MERS, affect the spread of COVID-19.Design/methodology/approachThe authors employ data from 102 countries to examine the relationship of countries' economic and sociopolitical factors, such as political freedom and personal freedom and their COVID-19 infection cases per million population at 120 days, 150 days and 180 days after the reported 10th infection case. The authors also include the log term of real GDP per capita to control for counties' economic development and regional dummies to control for regional-specific effects.FindingsResults of this study show that personal freedom, rather than democracy, has a significant positive effect on countries' COVID-19 infection cases. On the contrary, democracy has a negative impact on the infection rate. The authors also find that socioeconomic factors such as higher income inequality and urbanization rate adversely affect the COVID-19 infection cases. A larger older population is associated with fewer infection cases, holding everything else equal. Previous experiences with the coronavirus crisis affect countries only at the 120 days mark. Real GDP per capita has no significant effect.Originality/valueThe main contribution of this paper is to jointly explore personal freedom, which implies a social framework with more emphasis on self-value and self-realization and political freedom, that is, democracy. The authors show that it is personal freedom, rather than democracy, that contributes to higher COVID-19 infection cases. Democracy, on the other hand, reduces the number of infection cases.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-12-2021-0769

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Section: Urbanization Ratesupporting

confidence: 83%

A dichotomy between democracy and personal freedom on the spread of COVID-19

Ang

Gao

Sparks

2022

IJSE

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“…4. economy -descriptive and mathematical statistics methods (Gavriluță et al, 2022) and Keynesian disaggregated model (Lenoël & Young, 2021) and evolutionary approach (Callegari & Feder, 2022), 5. unemployment -models of interconnected equations estimated with 3SLS and GMM methods (Ang & Dong, 2022), a new bi-level dynamic optimum control model (BLDOC) (Hezam, 2021), models for panel data (Béland et al, 2020a);…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The evaluation of economic changes which occurred as a result of the pandemic requires various methodological approaches. The applied methods include descriptive and mathematical statistics (Gavriluță et al, 2022), exploratory machine learning (Celbiş et al, 2022) and various model types, including interconnected equations (Ang & Dong, 2022), dynamic optimum control (Hezam, 2021), for panel data, (Béland et al, 2020a), hierarchic data (Strauss et al, 2021), Keynesian disaggregated model (Lenoël & Young, 2021), and structural equations (Radzi et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Covid-19 Impact on Labour Market in Eu Countries – Differences in Men and Women Employment Rate Tendencies

Markowska,

Strahl

2024

Technological and Economic Development of Economy

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This paper aims to identify the differences in the employment rate dynamics in economy sections, considering gender, in the European Union countries in 2020, compared to the 2008–2019 period. Two methods were used. The first method compares forecasts from models describing employment changes in the pre-pandemic periods with information concerning the actual employment rate in 2020, using three indices measuring the significance of the observed discrepancies. The second method uses dynamic cluster analysis for the 2008–2020 period, and evaluates the changes in composition of groups that occured in 2020. The proposed methods were applied separately to the data concerning the employment of females and males (employment rates) in the EU countries, always divided into economy sections and section groups (A, B-E, F, G-I, J, K, L, M and N, O-Q, R). The application of the “Triple 2 Rule” helped to identify the changes in the previous employment trends (“Interventions”). The evaluation of changes in the dynamics of the employment rate in total and in section groups and according to gender in the EU countries in 2020 – compared to the forecasts from the 2013–2019 trends – revealed that the EU labour market responded differently to the COVID-19 pandemic situation.

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“…One of the most popular ways is to regard confirmed rate, recovery rate and death rate as key proxies for the epidemic shock( Ascani et al, 2021 ). Besides, some socioeconomic researches implement dummy variables, such as stringency index and vaccination index, to address the dark side of the epidemic( Ang & Dong, 2022 ).…”

Section: Data and Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%