The Effectiveness of Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in Children with Acute Leukemia

Sykes, April; Gerhardt, Elsie L.; Li, Tang; Adderson, Elisabeth E.

doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.08.071

Cited by 12 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“… 45 66–68 However, patients with hematological malignancies frequently present with profound immunosuppression and cytopenias, both due to disease and prior therapies, which may limit the efficacy of seasonal influenza vaccines, especially in younger populations. 69 70 …”

Section: General Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) clinical practice guideline on immune effector cell-related adverse events

Maus

Alexander

Bishop

et al. 2020

J Immunother Cancer

165

233

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Immune effector cell (IEC) therapies offer durable and sustained remissions in significant numbers of patients with hematological cancers. While these unique immunotherapies have improved outcomes for pediatric and adult patients in a number of disease states, as ‘living drugs,’ their toxicity profiles, including cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), differ markedly from conventional cancer therapeutics. At the time of article preparation, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved tisagenlecleucel, axicabtagene ciloleucel, and brexucabtagene autoleucel, all of which are IEC therapies based on genetically modified T cells engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), and additional products are expected to reach marketing authorization soon and to enter clinical development in due course. As IEC therapies, especially CAR T cell therapies, enter more widespread clinical use, there is a need for clear, cohesive recommendations on toxicity management, motivating the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) to convene an expert panel to develop a clinical practice guideline. The panel discussed the recognition and management of common toxicities in the context of IEC treatment, including baseline laboratory parameters for monitoring, timing to onset, and pharmacological interventions, ultimately forming evidence- and consensus-based recommendations to assist medical professionals in decision-making and to improve outcomes for patients.

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Section: General Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) clinical practice guideline on immune effector cell-related adverse events

Maus

Alexander

Bishop

et al. 2020

J Immunother Cancer

165

233

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Since the 1955s, the immunity of old and young have been further weakened by heavy publicity to inoculate the individuals with other pathogen-specific vaccines and their unhealthy ingredients and adjuvants (e.g., Swine flu, HPV, hepatitis B or C, measles, meningitis, EBOLA, herpes) or even BCG, whether or not the vaccines are contaminated with live pathogens. The younger generations who are also exposed to a wide range of biological and environmental hazards or low level carcinogens suffer from a wide range of immunological disorders (e.g., allergies, asthma, neurological and autoimmune diseases), conditions that are features of age-associated chronic illnesses [ 5 , 7 , 11 , 12 , 15 – 25 , 74 , 78 , 89 , 155 , 202 , 223 – 225 , 246 ]. 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 While the decision makers insist that cigarette smoking is the major factor in the increased risk of cancers, several studies suggest that not all smokers, even heavy smokers develop lung cancers.…”

Section: Cancer; An Induced Disease Of Twentieth Century Facilitated mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cancer; an induced disease of twentieth century! Induction of tolerance, increased entropy and ‘Dark Energy’: loss of biorhythms (Anabolism v. Catabolism)

Khatami

2018

Clinical & Translational Med

107

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Maintenance of health involves a synchronized network of catabolic and anabolic signals among organs/tissues/cells that requires differential bioenergetics from mitochondria and glycolysis (biological laws or biorhythms). We defined biological circadian rhythms as Yin (tumoricidal) and Yang (tumorigenic) arms of acute inflammation (effective immunity) involving immune and non-immune systems. Role of pathogens in altering immunity and inducing diseases and cancer has been documented for over a century. However, in 1955s decision makers in cancer/medical establishment allowed public (current baby boomers) to consume million doses of virus-contaminated polio vaccines. The risk of cancer incidence and mortality sharply rose from 5% (rate of hereditary/genetic or innate disease) in 1900s, to its current scary status of 33% or 50% among women and men, respectively. Despite better hygiene, modern detection technologies and discovery of antibiotics, baby boomers and subsequent 2–3 generations are sicker than previous generations at same age. American health status ranks last among other developed nations while America invests highest amount of resources for healthcare. In this perspective we present evidence that cancer is an induced disease of twentieth century, facilitated by a great deception of cancer/medical establishment for huge corporate profits. Unlike popularized opinions that cancer is 100, 200 or 1000 diseases, we demonstrate that cancer is only one disease; the severe disturbances in biorhythms (differential bioenergetics) or loss of balance in Yin and Yang of effective immunity. Cancer projects that are promoted and funded by decision makers are reductionist approaches, wrong and unethical and resulted in loss of millions of precious lives and financial toxicity to society. Public vaccination with pathogen-specific vaccines (e.g., flu, hepatitis, HPV, meningitis, measles) weakens, not promotes, immunity. Results of irresponsible projects on cancer sciences or vaccines are increased population of drug-dependent sick society. Outcome failure rates of claimed ‘targeted’ drugs, ‘precision’ or ‘personalized’ medicine are 90% (± 5) for solid tumors. We demonstrate that aging, frequent exposures to environmental hazards, infections and pathogen-specific vaccines and ingredients are ‘antigen overload’ for immune system, skewing the Yin and Yang response profiles and leading to induction of ‘mild’, ‘moderate’ or ‘severe’ immune disorders. Induction of decoy or pattern recognition receptors (e.g., PRRs), such as IRAK-M or IL-1dRs (‘designer’ molecules) and associated genomic instability and over-expression of growth promoting factors (e.g., pyruvate kinases, mTOR and PI3Ks, histamine, PGE2, VEGF) could lead to immune tolerance, facilitating cancer cells to hijack anabolic machinery of immunity (Yang) for their increased growth requirements. Expression of constituent embryonic factors would negatively regulate differentiation of tumor cells through epithelial–mesenchymal-transition and create “dual negative feed...

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“…At our institution 2 doses of influenza vaccination are recommended, administered at least 28 days apart. Vaccination of family members and health care providers is also an important measure to prevent influenza infection in these patients (Carr et al, 2011a; Hakim et al, 2016a; Sykes et al, 2017).…”

Section: Influenzamentioning

confidence: 99%

Respiratory Viral Infections in Patients With Cancer or Undergoing Hematopoietic Cell Transplant

2018

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Survival rates for pediatric cancer have steadily improved over time but it remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among children. Infections are a major complication of cancer and its treatment. Community acquired respiratory viral infections (CRV) in these patients increase morbidity, mortality and can lead to delay in chemotherapy. These are the result of infections with a heterogeneous group of viruses including RNA viruses, such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus (IV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), metapneumovirus (HMPV), rhinovirus (RhV), and coronavirus (CoV). These infections maintain a similar seasonal pattern to those of immunocompetent patients. Clinical manifestations vary significantly depending on the type of virus and the type and degree of immunosuppression, ranging from asymptomatic or mild disease to rapidly progressive fatal pneumonia Infections in this population are characterized by a high rate of progression from upper to lower respiratory tract infection and prolonged viral shedding. Use of corticosteroids and immunosuppressive therapy are risk factors for severe disease. The clinical course is often difficult to predict, and clinical signs are unreliable. Accurate prognostic viral and immune markers, which have become part of the standard of care for systemic viral infections, are currently lacking; and management of CRV infections remains controversial. Defining effective prophylactic and therapeutic strategies is challenging, especially considering, the spectrum of immunocompromised patients, the variety of respiratory viruses, and the presence of other opportunistic infections and medical problems. Prevention remains one of the most important strategies against these viruses. Early diagnosis, supportive care and antivirals at an early stage, when available and indicated, have proven beneficial. However, with the exception of neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza infection, there are no accepted treatments. In high-risk patients, pre-emptive treatment with antivirals for upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) to decrease progression to LRTI is a common strategy. In the future, viral load and immune markers may prove beneficial in predicting severe disease, supporting decision making and monitor treatment in this population.

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The Effectiveness of Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in Children with Acute Leukemia

Cited by 12 publications

References 34 publications

Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) clinical practice guideline on immune effector cell-related adverse events

Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) clinical practice guideline on immune effector cell-related adverse events

Cancer; an induced disease of twentieth century! Induction of tolerance, increased entropy and ‘Dark Energy’: loss of biorhythms (Anabolism v. Catabolism)

Respiratory Viral Infections in Patients With Cancer or Undergoing Hematopoietic Cell Transplant

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